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id.bacterial-meningitis.peds.v1

Pediatric bacterial meningitis

pediatricsacutepediatricacuteinpatient

NEW dossier — no manifest / atoms / package / design brief on disk yet (manifest field intentionally empty). NEXT STEPS: (1) author manifest at prisma/seed/manifests/id.bacterial-meningitis.peds.v1.ts; (2) write _design-brief.md; (3) RxCUI validation for ceftriaxone / cefotaxime / ampicillin / gentamicin / vancomycin / dexamethasone / acyclovir / rifampin / ciprofloxacin / cefepime / meropenem / metronidazole; (4) PMID landmark trials (Cochrane corticosteroids in bacterial meningitis, IDSA 2004 guideline papers, AAP Red Book references); (5) calculator gaps — Bacterial Meningitis Score for children (Nigrovic), CSF cell-count thresholds by age band need entries. Drug guidance grounded in IDSA 2004 + AAP Red Book + Cochrane dexamethasone (Hib hearing-loss benefit) + ESCMID 2016. Critical timing: dexamethasone must be given BEFORE OR WITH the first antibiotic dose. Antibiotics within ≤30-60 min of recognition; ≤30 min for suspected meningococcaemia. Sibling differentiation from id.bacterial-meningitis.core.v1 covers 10 features and adolescent transition handling. Deepened 2026-05-14 (shard-5-obped-id depth-pass-1): added co-located _briefs/id.bacterial-meningitis.peds.v1.depth.md (companion to existing 2026-04-27 Playbook 0.5 brief) + _research-bundles/id.bacterial-meningitis.peds.v1.md. Added outpatient post-meningitis setting playbook (peds-ID at 4-6 weeks; audiology at 4-6 weeks per Cochrane Brouwer 2010 PMID 20824838 — ~30% pneumococcal / ~10-20% Hib / ~5-10% meningococcal sensorineural hearing loss in peds survivors; neurodevelopmental assessment at 3 mo + 6 mo + annually with formal tools — Bayley III / Ages-and-Stages / Vineland; vaccination catch-up per ACIP — PCV20 if pneumococcal / Hib if not vaccinated / MenACWY + MenB if meningococcal; close-contact chemoprophylaxis reinforcement — rifampin or cipro or single-dose ceftriaxone; antiseizure med taper plan; speech therapy if developmental regression; mental-health screen — PHQ-9-A / UCLA-PTSD-RI / caregiver PHQ-9 + PSS-FH). Added 6 severity triggers: pediatric_meningitis_with_hemodynamic_instability (life_threatening; routes to id.sepsis.peds.v1 with heparinised carryover state — organism, current empiric regimen, dex status, lactate, MAP, GCS, LP/CSF source-control plan; vasoactives + early steroids per SSC peds 2020 PMID 32032273), delayed_lp_or_abx_after_clinical_suspicion_peds (severe; ≥ 1 h mortality gradient stronger in peds per Kumar 2006 + Auburtin CCM 2006 PMID 16915106 + SSC peds 2020 Hour-1 bundle analog), pediatric_raised_icp_features (life_threatening; fontanelle bulging in infant + Cushing reflex + paradoxical irritability → mannitol 0.5-1 g/kg OR 3% hypertonic saline 5 mL/kg + peds-neurosurgery; HOB 30° + neutral neck; controlled ventilation avoid hyperventilation past pCO2 < 30), pediatric_bacterial_vs_viral_score_high_risk (severe; Nigrovic BMS ≥ 1 = admit + abx + LP-confirmed per Nigrovic JAMA 2007 PMID 17200475 derivation in 3,295 children with CSF pleocytosis; BMS = 0 + reliable safety-net = consider outpatient observation), hearing_loss_screening_required (severe; admit-discharge gate — audiology before discharge or 4-6 wk per AAP Red Book + NICE NG240 2024), subdural_empyema_or_brain_abscess_features (life_threatening; focal neuro + persistent fever despite ≥ 48 h appropriate abx → urgent MRI + peds-neurosurgery for drainage; extended IV abx course 6-8 wk; consult peds-neurosurgery + peds-ID per IDSA 2004 Tunkel + IDSA/AAN 2017 PMID 28203777). Replaced 4 legacy cross-cutting trial PMIDs (DELIVER / ProMISe / POINT / REDUCE — retained for cross-reference but supplemented) with 12 meningitis-anchored PMIDs (15494903 IDSA 2004 Tunkel, 15509818 van de Beek NEJM 2004, 21612470 Thigpen NEJM 2011 epidemiology, 17200475 Nigrovic BMS JAMA 2007, 12432041 de Gans NEJM 2002 dex RCT, 20824838 Brouwer Cochrane 2010 corticosteroids — Hib hearing-loss peds anchor, 27062097 ESCMID 2016, 16915106 Auburtin CCM 2006 antibiotic-timing-mortality, 2810603 Spanos JAMA 1989 CSF/bedside LR derivation, 28203777 IDSA/AAN 2017 healthcare-associated, 32032273 SSC peds 2020 Weiss for meningitis-with-shock routing, 21163445 Dalmau Lancet Neurol 2011 anti-NMDAR encephalitis ddx (citation-remediated 2026-05-22)). Bumped evidence.last_reconciled to 2026-05-14; evidence.pmids array from 4 to 16 (12 new meningitis-anchored + 4 legacy retained). Phenotype matrix (age-band: neonatal-early < 7 d / neonatal-late 7-28 d / 1-3 mo / 3 mo - 1 y / 1-5 y / 5-12 y / 12-17 y × organism: pneumococcus / meningococcus / Hib / Listeria / GBS / E. coli / TB / viral [enterovirus / HSV / arboviral] / cryptococcal / autoimmune [anti-NMDAR] × host: immunocompetent / immunocompromised / unvaccinated / sickle-cell / CF / transplant / preterm / muscular dystrophy × complications: cerebral edema / hydrocephalus / seizure / hearing loss / vasculitis / cerebritis-abscess / persistent encephalopathy × LP-deferred status × vaccination status — ~15,680-cell collapsed cross-product) encoded indirectly via severity_triggers (meningococcaemia_features, raised_icp_or_herniation_signs, status_epilepticus_with_meningitis, septic_shock_with_meningitis, ct_indication_before_lp, unvaccinated_for_hib, recurrent_meningitis, pediatric_meningitis_with_hemodynamic_instability, delayed_lp_or_abx_after_clinical_suspicion_peds, pediatric_raised_icp_features, pediatric_bacterial_vs_viral_score_high_risk, hearing_loss_screening_required, subdural_empyema_or_brain_abscess_features) + regimen_axes.steps (neonate_under_1_month / infant_1_to_23_months / over_2_years / healthcare_associated_or_post_neurosurgical) + per-setting playbook logic (ed / inpatient / icu / outpatient). First-class TS field for phenotype matrix is schema-blocked — deferred to shard schema proposal cache. Bayesian linkage (pre-test priors per Nigrovic JAMA 2007 PMID 17200475 derivation in 3,295 children with CSF pleocytosis — bacterial meningitis ~5-10% baseline in peds ED with suspected infection, ~30-50% with BMS ≥ 1, ≤ 0.1% with BMS = 0 + alert child; neonatal HSV ~0.5-1% baseline rising to ~5-10% with vesicles or maternal genital HSV; Hib post-vaccine US baseline near-zero vs historical 1-5% unvaccinated cohort per Thigpen NEJM 2011 PMID 21612470; peds-specific LRs — bulging fontanelle + fever LR+ ~8 [verify], Kernig/Brudzinski LR+ ~4-9 in older child per Spanos PMID 2810603 tempered by Thomas CID 2002 PMID 12353223 poor real-world sensitivity, CSF WBC >1000 + bacterial pattern LR+ ~15-30 per Spanos, CSF lactate ≥ 3.5 mmol/L LR+ ~10-20 per Sakushima J Infect 2011 PMID 21238777, CSF Gram positive LR+ ~50-200, multiplex PCR FilmArray ME approaches Gram, procalcitonin ≥ 0.5 LR+ ~3-5 peds, HSV PCR positive in neonate LR+ > 100, Nigrovic BMS = 0 sensitivity ~100% NPV near-perfect, petechial rash + fever LR+ ~10-30 for meningococcaemia per NICE NG240, Cushing triad in child LR+ ~15-20 for raised ICP per Glaser NEJM 2001 PMID 11172164 analog; T_treat ≈ 10-20% post-test bacterial meningitis = start empirics + dex within 30 min if LP delayed AND any of GCS < 14 / focal deficit / petechial rash / immunocompromise / hemodynamic instability / infant with fontanelle bulging or paradoxical irritability; T_test ≈ 5% in alert child + Nigrovic BMS = 0 + viable viral aetiology + reliable safety-net = outpatient observation 24-h re-check; T_monitor PICU = shock OR seizure OR AMS OR raised ICP OR age < 1 mo with severe disease; cross-dossier routing to id.sepsis.peds.v1 for hemodynamic instability with heparinised carryover, peds.status_epilepticus.v1 for status with heparinised carryover, id.bacterial-meningitis.core.v1 for adolescent crossover at 18 yr, planned neuro autoimmune encephalitis for anti-NMDAR features per Dalmau PMID 21163445, planned TB engine for endemic / immunocompromised, id.cryptococcal-meningitis.core.v1 for CD4 < 100 + CrAg positive) documented in co-located _research-bundles/id.bacterial-meningitis.peds.v1.md. ROS/DDx LR seed data audited by npm run audit:ros-ddx-coverage (cross-cutting; not touched by this shard). Prehospital recognition (NICE NG240 — single-dose IM benzylpenicillin or IV ceftriaxone if meningococcal disease suspected and transport delay anticipated; pediatric assessment triangle; fontanelle assessment in infants; petechial rash inspection) is partially encoded via the ED-setting required_assessments + non_drug_actions; a first-class "prehospital" DossierSetting value is schema-blocked, and the transitions[] array (admit/escalation/de-escalation pattern from peds.dka.v1 template) was not authored in this pass — deferred. Nigrovic BMS not yet a first-class calculator id (calc.nigrovic_bms) — pending clinical-tools-registry addition.

Entry points (6)

  • symptom
    Fever + neck stiffness / photophobia / headache in a child
    fever_with_meningismus_child
  • symptom
    AMS / lethargy / irritability + fever in a child
    altered_mental_status_with_fever
  • symptom
    Bulging fontanelle in an infant
    bulging_fontanelle_infant
  • symptom
    Petechiae / purpura with fever (meningococcaemia concern)
    petechiae_purpura_with_fever
  • symptom
    Atypical or focal seizure with fever (not simple febrile)
    first_seizure_with_fever_atypical
  • lab_abnormality
    CSF pleocytosis on LP
    csf_pleocytosis

Required inputs (28)

  • agerequired
    demographic • used at CONTEXT
    Age tier defines organism risk and empiric antibiotic + dexamethasone decision (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • weightrequired
    demographic • used at CONTEXT
    All antibiotic / steroid / vasopressor dosing is weight-based (AAP 2021)
  • temperaturerequired
    vital • used at CONTEXT
    Fever pattern; hypothermia in young infants is concerning (NICE 2024 meningitis)
  • sbprequired
    vital • used at CONTEXT
    Septic shock overlap — age-based hypotension (AAP 2021)
  • hrrequired
    vital • used at CONTEXT
    Tachycardia / bradycardia + Cushing triad for raised ICP (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • rrrequired
    vital • used at CONTEXT
    Respiratory irregularity = brainstem involvement (IDSA 2004)
  • mental_status_childrequired
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    GCS deterioration / Glasgow Outcome marker; gates LP timing (CT first) (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • focal_neurologic_deficitrequired
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    Focal sign mandates CT before LP (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • seizurerequired
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    Recent seizure mandates CT before LP per IDSA 2004
  • papilledema
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    Raised ICP — defer LP; CT first; mannitol / hypertonic if herniation (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • rash_petechial
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    Petechial rash then meningococcaemia then time-critical antibiotics (NICE 2024 meningitis)
  • immunisation_status_pedsrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Hib / pneumococcal / meningococcal coverage gaps drive empiric breadth (AAP 2021)
  • recent_abx_or_hospitalizationrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Pretreatment lowers culture yield; informs duration (IDSA 2004)
  • immunocompromise_pedsrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Asplenia, sickle cell, HIV, complement deficiency — recurrent meningococcal / pneumococcal risk (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • recent_neurosurgery_or_csf_shunt
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Healthcare-associated organisms (Staph, gram-negative) (IDSA 2004)
  • wbcrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    CBC + diff; bandemia + leukopenia in severe sepsis (AAP 2021)
  • glucoserequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Serum glucose paired with CSF glucose for ratio (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • creatininerequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Drug dosing (vancomycin, aminoglycoside) (IDSA 2004)
  • plateletsrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Coag screen + DIC marker; safe LP threshold (IDSA 2004)
  • coags_pt_inr
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Coagulopathy precludes LP (IDSA 2004)
  • blood_culturerequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Blood cultures x 1-2 before antibiotics if no delay (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • csf_cell_count_diffrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    WBC >=1000 (often neutrophil-predominant) suggests bacterial (IDSA 2004; Nigrovic 2007 BMS)
  • csf_proteinrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Bacterial usually >100 mg/dL (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • csf_glucoserequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    CSF/serum ratio <0.4 suggests bacterial (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • csf_gram_culturerequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Definitive pathogen identification (IDSA 2004)
  • csf_pcr_meningitis_panel
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Multiplex PCR (FilmArray ME) — rapid pathogen + viral discrimination (AAP 2021)
  • ct_head
    imaging • used at RED_FLAGS
    Before LP if focal deficit, AMS, papilledema, immunocompromise, recent seizure, signs of raised ICP (IDSA 2004 Tunkel)
  • current_medsrequired
    medication • used at CONTEXT
    Anticoagulation, prior abx, allergies (IDSA 2004)

12-phase flow (12)

  1. 1FRAME
    Pediatric bacterial meningitis pathway by age tier (<1 mo, 1-23 mo, ≥2 yr); rule out aseptic / viral / TB / fungal / CSF shunt infection
    inputs: age
    advance: Pediatric meningitis suspicion confirmed
  2. 2ENTRY
    Trigger captured (fever + meningismus / AMS / bulging fontanelle / petechiae / atypical seizure)
    inputs: age, weight
    advance: Trigger captured
  3. 3CONTEXT
    Vitals, immunisation status, recent abx, immune status, recent neurosurgery / shunt, household exposures (meningococcal contact)
    inputs: temperature, sbp, hr, rr, immunisation_status_peds, recent_abx_or_hospitalization, immunocompromise_peds, recent_neurosurgery_or_csf_shunt, current_meds
    advance: Context captured
  4. 4RED_FLAGS
    Septic shock, raised ICP / herniation, status epilepticus, purpura fulminans, focal deficit, AMS — empiric abx + steroid PRIOR to LP if needed; CT before LP if focal/AMS/papilledema
    inputs: mental_status_child, focal_neurologic_deficit, seizure, papilledema, rash_petechial
    actions: protocol.septic_shock
    advance: Red flags actioned and time-critical antibiotics + dexamethasone given
  5. 5INITIAL_WORKUP
    Blood culture × 1-2; CBC, BMP, glucose, coag; LP ASAP after CT if indicated; CSF cell count + diff + protein + glucose + Gram + culture + multiplex PCR; do NOT delay antibiotics or dexamethasone for LP if LP delayed >30 min
    inputs: wbc, glucose, creatinine, platelets, blood_culture, csf_cell_count_diff, csf_protein, csf_glucose, csf_gram_culture
    actions: panel.cbc, panel.csf, panel.coag, workup.bacterial_meningitis
    advance: LP done or appropriately deferred + empiric therapy initiated
  6. 6BRANCHING_WORKUP
    CT/MRI for complications (subdural empyema, ventriculitis, abscess, cerebritis, infarction); audiology referral pre-discharge; HIV / immune workup if recurrent / atypical (IDSA 2004 Tunkel; ESCMID 2016)
    advance: Complications screened
  7. 7DIFFERENTIAL
    Bacterial vs viral (enterovirus, HSV, arboviral) vs TB vs fungal (cryptococcus in HIV) vs aseptic vs MIS-C / Kawasaki overlap with neuro features (IDSA 2004; AAP 2021)
    advance: Working pathogen category assigned
  8. 8RISK_STRATIFICATION
    Mortality predictors (shock, prolonged seizure, focal deficit, organism, age <1 yr); audiology / neurodevelopmental sequelae risk; ICU criteria (IDSA 2004 Tunkel; NICE 2024)
    inputs: sbp, mental_status_child
    advance: Risk + ICU need set
  9. 9TREATMENT
    Age-tiered empiric IV antibiotics within 1 h (≤30 min in suspected meningococcaemia); dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg q6h × 4 d for Hib (and consider for pneumococcus per local) given BEFORE OR WITH first abx dose; ICP / seizure / shock management; isotonic fluids per SSC peds (avoid free water; SIADH common but cerebral salt wasting too); droplet isolation until 24 h of effective therapy for Nm / Hib; chemoprophylaxis for close contacts
    inputs: weight
    advance: Antibiotics + steroid + isolation + contacts identified
  10. 10DISPOSITION
    PICU for shock, seizure, raised ICP, mechanical ventilation; otherwise inpatient ward with neuro monitoring
    inputs: sbp, mental_status_child
    advance: Level of care set
  11. 11MONITORING
    Daily neuro exam, repeat LP at 24-48 h if poor response or DRSP-suspected, electrolytes (SIADH vs CSW), audiology pre-discharge, neurodevelopmental follow-up; vancomycin trough
    inputs: creatinine
    actions: panel.csf, panel.cbc, panel.renal
    advance: Improvement and culture-directed narrowing
  12. 12FOLLOWUP
    Audiology assessment (Hib / pneumococcus); neurodevelopmental review; outpatient ID f/u; immunisation catch-up + chemoprophylaxis for close contacts (rifampin / ciprofloxacin / ceftriaxone for Nm; rifampin for Hib if indicated)
    advance: Follow-up + chemoprophylaxis arranged