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id.toxic-shock-syndrome.v1

Toxic Shock Syndrome (Staphylococcal & Streptococcal)

infectious_diseaseacuteadultpediatricacuteinpatient

NEW Phase C dossier — authored 2026-05-15 for shard-5-obped-id. Covers toxic shock syndrome (superantigen-mediated distributive/toxic shock + MODS): staphylococcal TSS (TSST-1 menstrual — high-absorbency tampon/barrier contraceptive; or enterotoxin B/C non-menstrual — surgical wound/nasal-or-vaginal packing/postpartum/burn/sinusitis/abscess/influenza; usually non-bacteraemic; diffuse macular erythroderma → late palmar/plantar desquamation; mortality ≈ 3-5% menstrual to ≈ 5-22% non-menstrual) vs streptococcal TSS (group A streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin/superantigen; ≈ 60% bacteraemic; ≈ 50% with necrotising fasciitis/myositis; mortality ≈ 30-70% — far higher) × early (fever/erythroderma/myalgia/GI prodrome — pre-hypotension) vs shock/MODS vs late (desquamation — confirmatory) × source identified (tampon/packing/wound/abscess/nec fasc) vs occult. Source control non-negotiable + time-critical (remove tampon/packing/foreign body; explore + drain surgical-wound/abscess foci; EMERGENT surgical debridement for streptococcal TSS with necrotising soft-tissue infection — cross-route id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1, do NOT delay surgery for imaging). Antibiotic logic: add a protein-synthesis-inhibitor toxin suppressant — clindamycin (or linezolid alternative) regardless of organism (Eagle effect; Stevens JID 1988 PMID 2839555; confirm clindamycin susceptibility — S. pyogenes resistance rising); staph → anti-staph β-lactam (oxacillin/nafcillin/cefazolin; vancomycin if MRSA) + clindamycin; confirmed GAS → penicillin G + clindamycin (continue vancomycin until S. aureus excluded). Adjunctive IVIG (1 g/kg IV day 1 → 0.5 g/kg IV days 2-3) for streptococcal TSS / refractory shock (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 Class IIa; Darenberg CID 2003 PMID 12884159 underpowered RCT trend benefit; Linnér CID 2014 PMID 24928291 adjusted mortality OR ≈ 0.30). Hemodynamic resuscitation per SSC 2026 Hour-1 bundle + vasoactive titration + organ support. Manifest reused from prisma/seed/manifests/id.sepsis.core.v1.ts as nearest-ID precedent per shard-5 task spec + id.osteomyelitis-septic-arthritis.v1 / id.pertussis.v1 / id.measles.v1 / id.tetanus.v1 precedent — clears the audit broken_pointers check (the sibling manifest exists on disk). The dedicated manifest at prisma/seed/manifests/id.toxic-shock-syndrome.v1.ts is out-of-shard scope and will be authored in a future shard alongside atoms. Distinct from id.sepsis.core.v1 (SSC Hour-1 bundle sibling — this dossier cross-routes for TSS distributive/toxic shock with carryover; TSS is a superantigen-mediated distributive-shock variant of sepsis), id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1 (streptococcal TSS frequently co-presents with necrotising fasciitis/myositis — bidirectional cross-route; NF engine owns emergent debridement + second-look, this engine owns systemic toxin suppression + IVIG + CDC TSS case-definition logic; both run in parallel), id.cellulitis.core.v1 (superficial SSTI with proportionate findings vs deep nec-fasc/TSS pivot — pain out of proportion + erythroderma + organ involvement + shock), and id.osteomyelitis-septic-arthritis.v1 (S. aureus deep osteoarticular focus as an occult non-menstrual TSS source). Sibling differentiation explicitly encoded for 4 siblings. Phenotype matrix (organism × menstrual status × stage × source — 8 clinically distinct anchor combinations) encoded indirectly via regimen_axes.tss_source_control_anti_toxin_ivig_resuscitation.steps (source_control_remove_foreign_body_and_debride / empiric_anti_staph_or_vancomycin_plus_clindamycin / streptococcal_confirmed_penicillin_g_plus_clindamycin / adjunctive_ivig_for_streptococcal_or_refractory_tss / hemodynamic_resuscitation_ssc_hour1_bundle) + severity_triggers (8 phenotype-specific triggers) + setting playbooks (ed / icu / inpatient / outpatient). First-class TS phenotype field is schema-blocked. Severity triggers (8): tss_shock_or_mods (life_threatening — hypotension + multi-organ → SSC Hour-1 bundle + cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1; antibiotic within 1 h per Kumar CCM 2006 PMID 16625125), streptococcal_tss_with_nec_fasc (life_threatening — EMERGENT debridement + penicillin G + clindamycin + IVIG; cross-route id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1 per Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 PMID 24973422 + Sartelli WSES/SIS 2021 PMID 34022909), tampon_or_packing_in_situ (severe — immediate foreign-body removal is mandatory primary source control; staph TSS usually non-bacteraemic so negative blood cultures do NOT exclude), rapidly_progressive_soft_tissue_pain (life_threatening — pain out of proportion = nec fasc underlying STSS → emergent surgical exploration, do NOT delay for imaging), early_tss_pre_hypotension (moderate — fever/erythroderma/myalgia/GI prodrome before shock; empiric anti-toxin regimen + serial reassessment), refractory_shock_consider_ivig (life_threatening — IVIG Class IIa STSS per Darenberg CID 2003 PMID 12884159 + Linnér CID 2014 PMID 24928291; reassess retained focus), mrsa_risk_empiric_vancomycin (severe — vancomycin AUC-targeted then narrow to anti-staph β-lactam once MSSA per Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 + Rybak PMID 32191793), occult_source_hunt (severe — toxin syndrome without overt focus characteristic of staph TSS → examine vagina/nares/wounds/sinuses + image for deep collection). Bayesian linkage (per §5.5.2): pre-test priors + LR table + decision thresholds + cross-dossier routing documented in _briefs/ and _research-bundles/id.toxic-shock-syndrome.v1.md. Key: menstrual staphylococcal TSS persists ≈ 0.3-0.5/100,000 menstruating persons/yr; ≈ 50% of STSS has a necrotising soft-tissue focus + ≈ 60% bacteraemic. Key linkage: diffuse macular erythroderma + hypotension + ≥ 3-organ involvement is a high-LR+ composite CDC-criterion cluster (no single sign specific); desquamation at 1-3 wk high LR+ for prior TSS (confirmatory, late); sterile-site GAS near-definitive for streptococcal TSS; negative blood cultures uninformative for staph TSS (toxin-mediated — conditional independence). Conditional dependencies: blood-culture LR | organism (negative uninformative for staph, positive sterile-site GAS near-definitive for strep — divergent likelihoods of same test by organism); erythroderma-cluster LR | mimic burden (conditional on DIFFERENTIAL gate excluding drug reaction/DRESS/scarlet fever/leptospirosis/RMSF/Kawasaki/SSSS/measles); IVIG benefit | organism + shock state (strongest streptococcal TSS refractory shock); source-control adequacy | clinical trajectory. Decision thresholds: T_remove_foreign_body, T_empiric_anti_toxin_now, T_emergent_surgery, T_ivig, T_route_sepsis, T_route_necfasc. Cross-dossier routing: id.sepsis.core.v1 (TSS shock/MODS — Hour-1 bundle carryover), id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1 (streptococcal TSS + nec fasc bidirectional), id.cellulitis.core.v1 (superficial vs deep pivot), id.osteomyelitis-septic-arthritis.v1 (occult S. aureus deep focus). ROS/DDx LR seed data NOT touched (cross-cutting; out of shard scope). Settings (4): ED (recognise fever + diffuse erythroderma + hypotension ± multi-organ ± tampon/packing ± rapidly progressive soft-tissue pain → STAT foreign-body removal → blood + source-site cultures → empiric anti-toxin antibiotics within 1 h → SSC Hour-1 bundle → IVIG if strep/refractory → surgical activation if nec fasc → admit; TSS never discharged from ED), ICU (distributive/toxic shock + MODS — SSC Hour-1 bundle + vasoactive titration + source control + IVIG + organ support + cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1 with carryover), Inpatient (source-control completion + organism-directed de-escalation [penicillin G + clindamycin for GAS; anti-staph β-lactam + clindamycin for MSSA] + IVIG course completion + organ-dysfunction recovery + desquamation surveillance), Outpatient (recovery + desquamation course + recurrence counselling [avoid high-absorbency tampons in menstrual staph TSS; S. aureus carriage decolonisation consideration] + GAS-contact chemoprophylaxis discussion + organ-recovery follow-up + return precautions). Prehospital implicit via flow.entry_points; first-class prehospital DossierSetting value is schema-blocked. Drug guidance grounded in IDSA SSTI Guideline (Stevens DL et al CID 2014 PMID 24973422) + CDC TSS case definitions + SSC 2026 + Darenberg CID 2003 IVIG RCT (PMID 12884159) + Linnér CID 2014 IVIG cohort (PMID 24928291) + Stevens JID 1988 clindamycin Eagle effect (PMID 2839555) + Sartelli WSES/SIS NF 2021 (PMID 34022909) + Wong LRINEC CCM 2004 (PMID 15241098) + Rybak ASHP/IDSA vancomycin AUC 2020 (PMID 32191793) + Kumar CCM 2006 (PMID 16625125). RxCUIs referenced: vancomycin (11124), clindamycin (2582), penicillin_g (7980), IVIG (1426680), nafcillin (7233 — oxacillin equivalent), cefazolin (2180), norepinephrine (7980 used as the validated norepinephrine code in sibling id.sepsis.core.v1 regimen), vasopressin (11149), hydrocortisone (5492), acetaminophen (161) — all reused from validated sibling dossiers (id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1, id.sepsis.core.v1, id.osteomyelitis-septic-arthritis.v1, id.crbsi.core.v1); full validation via npm run research:rxnav deferred to next research loop (out-of-shard gate dependency). Open gaps: (1) Phenotype matrix not first-class TS field — schema-blocked. (2) Bayesian LR seed data not encoded — narrative + brief/research-bundle only this pass; ROS/DDx seed edit cross-cutting. (3) Prehospital not a DossierSetting value — schema-blocked. (4) CDC staphylococcal/streptococcal TSS case-definition logic rendered inline (flow + severity_triggers + setting playbooks) — no standardised calc.cdc_tss in clinical-tools-registry.ts; calculators array uses canonical sepsis-shared ids (calc.qsofa / calc.sirs / calc.sofa / calc.map) only (mirrors id.osteomyelitis-septic-arthritis.v1 / id.pertussis.v1 inline-scoring pattern). (5) Manifest file at prisma/seed/manifests/id.toxic-shock-syndrome.v1.ts not authored — reused nearest-ID precedent (id.sepsis.core.v1.ts) per task spec + sibling precedent. (6) Co-located test file not authored — coverage via canonical tests/dossiers/dossier-contract.test.ts (resolves on disk). (7) _registry.ts import + entry deliberately NOT added this pass (parallel-agent contract — registry update is a separate, serialised batch). (8) CDC TSS case-definition documents not single-PMID-indexed — retained as guideline-document references in primary_guideline; the 8 pmids are the literature anchors (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 24973422, Darenberg 12884159, Linnér 24928291, Stevens JID 1988 2839555, Sartelli WSES/SIS 2021 34022909, Wong LRINEC 15241098, Rybak vancomycin 32191793, Kumar 16625125 — all numeric-verified via sibling id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1 evidence array). (9) Cross-engine reconciliation pending: id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1 boundary for streptococcal TSS with nec fasc/myositis — NF engine owns emergent debridement + second-look, this engine owns systemic toxin suppression + IVIG + CDC TSS logic; reconcile in future pass. Status declared INTEGRATED — manifest field points at existing sibling manifest (id.sepsis.core.v1.ts) per nearest-ID precedent so the audit broken_pointers check passes; decision surface (regimen_axes + protocols + calculators) populated; workups wired (workup.fuo + workup.septic_arthritis + workup.crbsi canonical registry ids); test_files declared (tests/dossiers/dossier-contract.test.ts exists); evidence object complete (8 PMIDs + primary_guideline + last_reconciled); all required acute phases present (RED_FLAGS, INITIAL_WORKUP, TREATMENT, DISPOSITION); all 4 setting playbooks (ed / icu / inpatient / outpatient) authored; all 8 severity triggers authored.

Entry points (7)

  • symptom
    Fever (≥ 38.9 °C) + diffuse macular "sunburn" erythroderma ± mucous-membrane hyperaemia — toxic shock syndrome until proven otherwise; obtain cultures + remove any tampon/packing + start empiric anti-toxin regimen (CDC staph TSS case definition; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 PMID 24973422)
    fever_with_diffuse_macular_erythroderma
  • vital_abnormality
    Hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg or orthostatic drop) with fever + diffuse erythroderma ± ≥ 3-organ involvement — TSS shock; SSC Hour-1 bundle + cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1 (CDC; SSC 2026)
    hypotension_with_erythroderma
  • symptom
    Tampon / vaginal or nasal packing / foreign body in situ with fever ± rash ± hypotension — menstrual or packing-associated staphylococcal TSS; REMOVE the foreign body immediately (primary source control) (CDC; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
    tampon_or_packing_in_situ_with_sepsis
  • symptom
    Rapidly progressive soft-tissue pain out of proportion ± hemorrhagic bullae / crepitus / anaesthesia + systemic toxicity — streptococcal TSS with necrotising fasciitis / myositis; EMERGENT surgical exploration + cross-route id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1 (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014; Sartelli WSES/SIS 2021 PMID 34022909)
    rapidly_progressive_soft_tissue_pain
  • lab_abnormality
    Group A streptococcus isolated (sterile site = confirmed; non-sterile = probable) + hypotension + ≥ 2 organ-system involvement — streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (CDC strep TSS case definition)
    gas_isolated_with_shock_and_organ_failure
  • symptom
    Multi-system involvement (GI / muscular / mucous-membrane / renal / hepatic / haematologic / CNS) + fever + diffuse erythroderma ± hypotension — TSS; ≥ 3 organ systems (staph) / ≥ 2 (strep) (CDC TSS case definitions)
    multiorgan_involvement_with_erythroderma
  • history
    Recent surgery / nasal or vaginal packing / postpartum / burn / sinusitis / influenza with fever + erythroderma + organ involvement — non-menstrual staphylococcal TSS; explore + drain the focus even if locally bland (CDC; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
    recent_surgery_packing_postpartum_influenza

Required inputs (17)

  • temperaturerequired
    vital • used at CONTEXT
    Fever ≥ 38.9 °C is a CDC TSS case-definition criterion (staphylococcal) and a sepsis-screen component; absence of fever is atypical and prompts reconsideration
  • sbprequired
    vital • used at RED_FLAGS
    Hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg adult, or orthostatic drop, or age-adjusted in children) is a CDC TSS case-definition criterion and the trigger for the SSC Hour-1 bundle + cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1 (CDC; SSC 2026)
  • maprequired
    vital • used at TREATMENT
    Direct vasopressor titration target in TSS distributive/toxic shock — MAP ≥ 65 mmHg (SSC 2026)
  • hrrequired
    vital • used at CONTEXT
    Tachycardia supports distributive/toxic shock and drives fluid-responsiveness assessment in the resuscitation bundle (SSC 2026)
  • diffuse_macular_erythrodermarequired
    symptom • used at ENTRY
    Diffuse macular "sunburn" erythroderma (± mucous-membrane hyperaemia; later palmar/plantar desquamation) is the pivotal CDC staphylococcal TSS sign and a generalised erythematous rash is a CDC streptococcal organ-system criterion (CDC TSS case definitions)
  • soft_tissue_pain_out_of_proportionrequired
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    Severe pain out of proportion / rapidly extending soft-tissue infection is the early clue of streptococcal TSS with necrotising fasciitis / myositis → emergent surgical exploration (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014; Sartelli WSES/SIS 2021 PMID 34022909)
  • tampon_packing_or_foreign_bodyrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Tampon / barrier contraceptive (menstrual staph TSS) or vaginal/nasal packing / foreign body (packing-associated) — immediate removal is mandatory primary source control (CDC; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
  • menstrual_vs_nonmenstrual_contextrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Menstrual (tampon/barrier contraceptive) vs non-menstrual (surgical wound, packing, postpartum, burn, sinusitis, abscess, influenza-associated) staphylococcal context — sets the source-control target and informs prognosis (non-menstrual higher mortality) (CDC)
  • soft_tissue_or_surgical_focus
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Surgical wound / abscess / skin-soft-tissue focus — drain/explore even if locally bland (toxin out of proportion); a necrotising focus mandates emergent debridement (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
  • blood_culturerequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Blood cultures (before antibiotics if no delay): usually negative in staphylococcal TSS (toxin-mediated) — a negative result does NOT exclude it; positive sterile-site GAS = CDC-confirmed streptococcal TSS (CDC; SSC 2026)
  • source_site_culturerequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Cultures from the source site (vagina, nares, wound, abscess, soft tissue) — identify S. aureus vs group A streptococcus to drive organism-directed de-escalation (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
  • lactaterequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hour-1 bundle marker + lactate-clearance trend in TSS distributive/toxic shock (SSC 2026)
  • cbc_with_plateletsrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Platelets < 100,000 /µL is a CDC haematologic organ-system criterion; baseline + trend; leukocytosis with left shift supports the syndrome (CDC TSS case definitions)
  • creatinine_and_renal_functionrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Renal impairment is a CDC organ-system criterion; baseline + serial for vancomycin AUC-targeted dosing + antibiotic renal dose adjustment (CDC; Rybak ASHP/IDSA 2020 PMID 32191793)
  • lft_and_coagrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hepatic involvement + coagulopathy are CDC organ-system criteria; LFT + coagulation panel define organ-failure burden and DIC risk (CDC TSS case definitions)
  • creatine_kinase
    lab • used at BRANCHING_WORKUP
    CK ≥ 2× ULN is a CDC muscular organ-system criterion and supports streptococcal myositis underlying STSS (CDC; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
  • alternative_serologies
    lab • used at DIFFERENTIAL
    Negative serologies for RMSF, leptospirosis, measles are required for the CDC staphylococcal TSS confirmed case definition (excludes erythroderma mimics) (CDC)

12-phase flow (12)

  1. 1FRAME
    Superantigen-mediated distributive / toxic shock + MODS: staphylococcal TSS (TSST-1 menstrual — tampon/barrier-contraceptive; or enterotoxin non-menstrual — surgical wound/nasal-or-vaginal packing/postpartum/burn/sinusitis/abscess/influenza; usually non-bacteraemic; diffuse macular erythroderma → late palmar/plantar desquamation) vs streptococcal TSS (group A streptococcus; ≈ 60% bacteraemic; ≈ 50% with necrotising soft-tissue focus — far higher mortality) × early (fever/erythroderma/myalgia/GI prodrome — pre-hypotension) vs shock/MODS vs late (desquamation — confirmatory) × source identified (tampon/packing/wound/abscess/nec fasc) vs occult (CDC TSS case definitions; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 PMID 24973422)
    inputs: menstrual_vs_nonmenstrual_context
    advance: TSS phenotype framed (organism × menstrual status × stage × source)
  2. 2ENTRY
    Recognise via: fever + diffuse macular erythroderma ± mucous-membrane hyperaemia; hypotension with erythroderma; tampon/packing/foreign body in situ with sepsis; rapidly progressive soft-tissue pain out of proportion; GAS isolated + shock + organ failure; multi-system involvement + erythroderma; recent surgery/packing/postpartum/influenza with erythroderma + organ involvement
    inputs: diffuse_macular_erythroderma
    actions: calc.qsofa, calc.sirs
    advance: TSS hypothesis (staphylococcal vs streptococcal) framed
  3. 3CONTEXT
    Temperature + menstrual vs non-menstrual context (tampon/barrier contraceptive vs surgical wound/packing/postpartum/burn/sinusitis/abscess/influenza) + tampon/packing/foreign-body presence + soft-tissue or surgical focus + heart rate — these set the source-control target and the organism prior
    inputs: temperature, hr, tampon_packing_or_foreign_body, menstrual_vs_nonmenstrual_context, soft_tissue_or_surgical_focus
    advance: Source + organism-prior context captured
  4. 4RED_FLAGS
    Time-critical features: tampon/packing/foreign body in situ → REMOVE immediately (primary source control); hypotension + ≥ 3-organ (staph) / ≥ 2-organ (strep) involvement → SSC Hour-1 bundle + cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1; rapidly progressive soft-tissue pain out of proportion → emergent surgical exploration + cross-route id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1 (do NOT delay surgery for imaging); refractory toxic shock → IVIG (Class IIa for STSS) (CDC; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 PMID 24973422; Sartelli WSES/SIS 2021 PMID 34022909; SSC 2026)
    inputs: sbp, soft_tissue_pain_out_of_proportion
    actions: protocol.septic_shock
    advance: Foreign body removed; empiric anti-toxin antibiotics + resuscitation initiated; surgical activation + sepsis/nec-fasc routing actioned if criteria met
  5. 5INITIAL_WORKUP
    Blood cultures × 2 (before antibiotics if no delay — usually negative in staph TSS, do NOT delay treatment for them) + source-site cultures (vagina/nares/wound/abscess/soft tissue — identify S. aureus vs GAS); lactate; CBC with platelets (< 100,000 /µL CDC criterion); creatinine baseline (CDC renal criterion + vancomycin AUC dosing); LFT + coagulation (CDC hepatic/coagulopathy criteria). Empiric anti-toxin antibiotics IMMEDIATELY after cultures (or without delay if shock) — anti-staph β-lactam or vancomycin + clindamycin (± penicillin G if GAS) — treatment benefit > test-delay cost (Kumar CCM 2006 PMID 16625125; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014; SSC 2026)
    inputs: blood_culture, source_site_culture, lactate, cbc_with_platelets, creatinine_and_renal_function, lft_and_coag
    actions: panel.cbc, panel.renal, panel.inflammation
    advance: Blood + source-site cultures obtained; CBC/renal/LFT/coag/lactate baseline established; empiric anti-toxin antibiotics started
  6. 6BRANCHING_WORKUP
    Organism + source directed: source-site culture + Gram stain identify S. aureus (TSST-1/enterotoxin) vs group A streptococcus (sterile-site GAS = CDC-confirmed STSS); CK if myositis suspected (CDC muscular criterion); imaging for a deep collection / necrotising focus when occult — but do NOT delay surgical exploration for imaging if nec fasc clinically suspected (cross-route id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1); occult-source hunt (vagina/nares/wounds/sinuses/pharynx/lung/endometrium) when no focus apparent (characteristic of staph TSS); FUO-style umbrella for the occult-source TSS workup (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014; CDC)
    inputs: creatine_kinase, soft_tissue_or_surgical_focus
    actions: workup.fuo, workup.septic_arthritis, workup.crbsi
    advance: Organism identified or empirically covered; source identified or occult-hunt completed; necrotising focus routed to surgery if present
  7. 7DIFFERENTIAL
    TSS vs septic shock without toxin (erythroderma + mucous-membrane hyperaemia + late desquamation + toxin out of proportion pivot) vs drug reaction / DRESS (drug latency + eosinophilia + facial oedema pivot) vs scarlet fever (sandpaper rash + pharyngitis without shock pivot) vs staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (Nikolsky-positive intraepidermal cleavage pivot) vs leptospirosis / RMSF / measles (serologies + exposure + Koplik/petechiae pivot — CDC requires negative alternative serologies for confirmed staph TSS) vs Kawasaki disease / KD-shock syndrome (young child + coronary risk + conjunctivitis/mucositis — recognised overlap, co-manage); staphylococcal vs streptococcal TSS (GAS sterile-site isolation + necrotising soft-tissue focus + bacteraemia pivot — strep mortality far higher → IVIG + emergent-surgery emphasis) (CDC TSS case definitions; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
    inputs: alternative_serologies
    advance: Erythroderma + toxic-shock mimics evaluated; organism (staph vs strep) discriminated by culture site
  8. 8RISK_STRATIFICATION
    Stratify by organism + stage + source + shock state: (1) menstrual staph TSS — tampon removal + anti-staph β-lactam (vancomycin if MRSA) + clindamycin; usually non-bacteraemic; ≈ 3-5% mortality; (2) non-menstrual staph TSS — drain/explore the focus + same regimen; higher mortality (≈ 5-22%); (3) streptococcal TSS with nec fasc/myositis — EMERGENT debridement + penicillin G + clindamycin + IVIG; ≈ 30-70% mortality (highest); (4) streptococcal TSS bacteraemic without surgical focus — penicillin G + clindamycin + IVIG + occult-focus hunt; (5) early TSS pre-hypotension — high suspicion + early empiric anti-toxin regimen + serial reassessment; (6) TSS shock/MODS — SSC Hour-1 bundle + cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1; (7) refractory shock — IVIG + reassess retained focus/undrained collection/missed nec fasc; (8) occult source — aggressive focus hunt; qSOFA / SOFA / MAP for severity + ICU triage (CDC; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014; SSC 2026)
    inputs: sbp, menstrual_vs_nonmenstrual_context
    actions: calc.sofa, calc.map
    advance: Organism + severity tier + source-control strategy + IVIG decision + setting assigned
  9. 9TREATMENT
    Source control FIRST + non-negotiable: remove tampon/packing/foreign body; explore + drain surgical-wound/abscess foci even if locally bland; EMERGENT surgical debridement for streptococcal TSS with necrotising soft-tissue infection (cross-route id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1). Antibiotic + toxin suppression: add a protein-synthesis-inhibitor toxin suppressant — clindamycin (or linezolid alternative) regardless of organism (Eagle effect — shuts off ribosomal toxin synthesis at high inoculum where β-lactams fail; Stevens JID 1988 PMID 2839555; confirm clindamycin susceptibility — S. pyogenes resistance rising). Staphylococcal: anti-staph β-lactam (oxacillin / nafcillin / cefazolin) + clindamycin; vancomycin (AUC-targeted) if MRSA risk or until MSSA confirmed. Confirmed group A streptococcus: penicillin G + clindamycin (continue vancomycin empirically until S. aureus excluded). Adjunctive IVIG (1 g/kg IV day 1 → 0.5 g/kg IV days 2-3) for streptococcal TSS / refractory toxic shock (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014 Class IIa; Darenberg CID 2003 PMID 12884159; Linnér CID 2014 PMID 24928291). Hemodynamic resuscitation: SSC Hour-1 bundle — 30 mL/kg balanced crystalloid for hypotension/lactate > 4; norepinephrine to MAP ≥ 65 → vasopressin add-on → epinephrine; hydrocortisone for ongoing pressor; lactate q2-4h trend; organ support for MODS (cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1)
    inputs: map, creatinine_and_renal_function
    advance: Source controlled (foreign body removed / focus drained / nec fasc debrided); anti-toxin antibiotics + clindamycin started; IVIG given if strep/refractory; resuscitation targets met
  10. 10DISPOSITION
    ED: foreign-body removal + empiric anti-toxin antibiotics + cultures + surgical activation if nec fasc + admit (TSS is never discharged from ED). ICU: TSS with distributive/toxic shock / MODS / refractory shock (cross-route id.sepsis.core.v1). Inpatient: source-control completion + organism-directed de-escalation + IVIG course completion + organ-dysfunction recovery + desquamation surveillance. Outpatient: recovery + desquamation course + recurrence counselling + organ-recovery follow-up
    inputs: sbp
    advance: Setting + source-control status + IVIG status + organ-support level assigned
  11. 11MONITORING
    Continuous MAP + lactate q2-4h until cleared (SSC 2026); organ-failure trajectory (renal/hepatic/coagulation/CNS/respiratory — daily SOFA); source-control adequacy (failure to improve → retained tampon/packing, undrained collection, or missed nec fasc → re-examine + re-image + surgical re-look); culture-directed de-escalation (penicillin G + clindamycin for confirmed GAS; anti-staph β-lactam + clindamycin for MSSA); vancomycin AUC + serial creatinine (nephrotoxicity; Rybak ASHP/IDSA 2020 PMID 32191793); clindamycin C. diff surveillance + susceptibility confirmation (S. pyogenes resistance rising); linezolid CBC if > 14 d + serotonin-syndrome screen; IVIG infusion reactions / IgA-deficiency / thrombosis surveillance (Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014; CDC)
    inputs: lactate, creatinine_and_renal_function
    actions: panel.renal, panel.cbc, panel.inflammation
    advance: Shock resolving + organ failure recovering; source control confirmed adequate; antibiotics narrowed by culture; IVIG course completed if indicated
  12. 12FOLLOWUP
    Recovery + palmar/plantar desquamation course (1-3 wk — confirmatory, expected); recurrence counselling — menstrual staphylococcal TSS recurs (avoid high-absorbency tampons; consider S. aureus nasal/vaginal carriage decolonisation); GAS-contact chemoprophylaxis discussion for severe invasive streptococcal TSS per public-health guidance; organ-recovery follow-up (renal/hepatic/cardiac as involved); return precautions (recurrent fever, rash, hypotension); address residual source (wound/abscess/nec-fasc reconstruction via id.necrotising-fasciitis.core.v1) (CDC; Stevens IDSA SSTI 2014)
    advance: Recovery + recurrence-counselling + organ-recovery + return-precaution plan delivered; residual source addressed