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neuro.first-seizure-eval.v1

First Unprovoked / New-Onset Seizure Evaluation (adult)

neurologysubacuteadultpregnancygeriatricacuteoutpatient

shard-3 neuro-sym autonomous authoring (2026-05-16). Authored at INTEGRATED — no panel/router entry (matches in-shard neuro.bell-palsy.v1 precedent: new neuro INTEGRATED dossiers ship without a router entry). Three load-bearing pivots: (1) is-it-a-seizure (history is the test; Sheldon point score PMID 12103268 — 94% sens/94% spec; lateral tongue-bite + prolonged post-ictal confusion favour epileptic; prodrome/upright/rapid-recovery favour convulsive syncope; eyes-closed/long/fluctuating favour PNES); (2) provoked/acute-symptomatic vs unprovoked (within 7 d of stroke/TBI/CNS infection or active metabolic/toxic/withdrawal/eclampsia → treat cause, generally NO chronic ASM — ILAE 2014 Fisher PMID 24730690); (3) recurrence-risk → ASM shared decision (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057: 21–45% at 2 yr, higher with remote insult/epileptiform EEG/significant MRI/nocturnal; immediate ASM cuts 2-yr recurrence but not long-term remission/QoL — FIRST PMID 9339678, MESS Marson PMID 15950714; epilepsy diagnosable after ONE seizure if ≥60% 2-yr recurrence — ILAE 2014). regimen_axis first_seizure_aed: Step 1 whether-to-treat shared decision; Step 2 focal-onset (lamotrigine/levetiracetam first-line; lacosamide/carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine/brivaracetam/zonisamide/phenytoin); Step 3 genetic generalised (levetiracetam/lamotrigine first-line; valproate only if childbearing potential excluded; AVOID Na-channel blockers; zonisamide/perampanel/clobazam add-on); Step 4 acute-symptomatic/provoked cause-directed + PNES anti-pattern guard. All 12 ASM RxCUIs RxNav-validated (forward + reverse) 2026-05-16. Contraindication rules encode: valproate hard-contraindication in childbearing potential; Na-channel-blocker-in-GGE avoidance; HLA-B*15:02 carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine; lamotrigine slow titration for rash; do-NOT-start-chronic-ASM-for-acute-symptomatic/single-provoked; do-NOT-treat-PNES-with-ASM; alcohol-withdrawal = benzodiazepine not chronic ASM; renal dose adjustment via CKD-EPI 2021; levetiracetam/perampanel behavioural signal. 3 setting playbooks (ED first-seizure triage / outpatient first-seizure clinic / ED→clinic transition); 7 severity_triggers (SE-in-evolution → route neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1; focal deficit/persistent AMS → urgent imaging; reversible metabolic/eclampsia; high-recurrence unprovoked → diagnose epilepsy + ASM; suspected PNES → video-EEG/psychiatry, no ASM; alcohol-withdrawal seizure; childbearing-potential ASM decision); 5 sibling-differentiation rows (neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1, symptom.syncope.ed.v1, symptom.altered_mental_status.ed.v1, neuro.ischaemic-stroke.v1, neuro.delirium.v1). Schema-blocked downstream (NOT invented as calc ids): no validated first-seizure recurrence-risk calculator in clinical-tools-registry — MESS prognostic model (Kim Lancet Neurol 2006 PMID 16545748; low/medium/high recurrence) and an ILAE-2014 ≥60% recurrence-threshold helper surfaced as schema-blocked tickets in the research bundle; recurrence factors encoded narratively in RISK_STRATIFICATION + severity_triggers. Registry ids used (all confirmed-resolving): workups workup.first_seizure (required), workup.status_epilepticus, workup.acute_stroke, workup.bacterial_meningitis, workup.encephalopathy, workup.toxic_alcohols, workup.hypoglycemia, workup.hyponatremia; panels panel.glucose_a1c, panel.metabolic, panel.cmp, panel.renal, panel.lft, panel.tox_screen, panel.cbc, panel.csf; calculators calc.phq9, calc.gad7, calc.ckd_epi_2021; cascades cascade.labs_command, cascade.electrolyte. No protocol.status_epilepticus (does not resolve) — workup.status_epilepticus used instead. DEPTH-PASS-2 (2026-05-18, shard-3 neuro-sym CL-3; last_reconciled bumped 2026-05-16 → 2026-05-18). §5.5.2 Bayesian differential layer added via 3 new auto-registered ros-ddx seed files (prisma/seed/ros-and-ddx/neuro.first-seizure-eval.v1.{ros,differentials,finding-lrs}.ts): 12 ROS items, 8 differentials with sourced clinic-population pre-test priors, 22 finding×diagnosis LR rows. ddx/finding namespace is first-seizure-evaluation-specific (ddx.neuro.fse.*; *fse* finding_display; FSE-specific diagnosis SNOMEDs) so upserts do NOT clobber the shared neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1 ros-ddx rows. §5.5.1 quantitative tightening — effect sizes with units + inline trial/year/PMID (numeric provenance for the previously-directional recurrence drivers): (1) 2-yr recurrence after first unprovoked seizure 21–45% (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz, Neurology 2015, PMID 25901057); (2) epileptiform-EEG recurrence relative rate RR 2.16 (95% CI 1.07–4.38) at 1–5 yr (AAN/AES 2015 PMID 25901057), pooled Cochrane RR 1.90 (95% CI 1.60–2.25; Adan CD013848.pub2 2025); (3) significant-imaging-abnormality recurrence HR 2.44 (95% CI 1.09–5.44) (AAN/AES 2015 PMID 25901057), Cochrane RR 2.19 (95% CI 1.74–2.76); (4) nocturnal-seizure recurrence OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.0–4.3) at 1–4 yr (AAN/AES 2015 PMID 25901057), Cochrane HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.13–1.75); (5) routine-EEG epileptiform yield ~23% of adults, Level B predictor (AAN/AES 2007 Krumholz, Neurology 2007, PMID 18025394); (6) 10-yr prospective cohort recurrence by factor — epileptiform VEEG 71.9%, prior brain insult 75.0%, focal-onset 69.7%, abnormal MRI 61.5%, nocturnal 61.4% (Seizure/Eur J Epilepsy 2024, PMID 39388981); (7) Sheldon seizure-vs-syncope point score 94% sensitivity / 94% specificity, n=671 (seizure 102 / syncope 437) (Sheldon, JACC 2002, PMID 12103268); (8) MESS — immediate ASM reduces recurrence over 1–2 yr, no long-term-remission change, n=1847 (Marson, Lancet 2005, PMID 15950714); (9) FIRST — 2-yr remission 84%→79% at 3 yr, 85%→86% at 10 yr, p=NS (FIRST Seizure Trial Group, Neurology 1997, PMID 9339678); (10) ILAE-2014 epilepsy-after-one-seizure post-test threshold ≥60% 10-yr recurrence, ≥2 unprovoked >24 h apart ≈60–90% recurrence (Fisher, Epilepsia 2014, PMID 24730690). RR/OR→LR conversions for the recurrence drivers are shown with arithmetic inline in the finding-lrs file (base p0≈0.35). §5.5.1 special-population branches (data-encoded): (a) pregnancy/eclampsia — pregnancy ≥20 wk or postpartum ≤6 wk + seizure → eclampsia bucket (LR+ 8.0 in finding-lrs C4), MgSO4 + OB route, valproate hard-contraindicated; (b) pediatric febrile-vs-afebrile — explicitly OUT OF SCOPE for this adult engine (pediatric febrile seizures / neonatal seizures excluded in the header) but the afebrile-pediatric and febrile-vs-afebrile distinction is recorded narratively as a routing boundary (refer pediatric neurology — no in-shard pediatric first-seizure engine to route to); (c) geriatric late-onset structural — elderly have a lower recurrence threshold from occult structural disease (remote-symptomatic LR+ 5.6, finding-lrs B3); lower ASM start doses, fall/interaction caution, levetiracetam behavioural caution, lamotrigine well tolerated; (d) driving-restriction by jurisdiction encoded as a counselling deliverable (jurisdiction-dependent seizure-free interval + clinician-notification duties — counsel AND document; carried in FOLLOWUP + outpatient/transition playbooks rather than as a numeric calc). §5.5.2 resolving cross-dossier engine_id routes (each appears as a linked_disease_engine on a differential and/or a ROUTE-* edge in finding-lrs): symptom.syncope.ed.v1 (convulsive/cardiac syncope mimic — ddx.neuro.fse.convulsive_syncope, ROUTE-1); neuro.transient-ischaemic-attack.v1 (focal-deficit mimic — ddx.neuro.fse.tia, ROUTE-2); neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1 (seizure ≥5 min / recurrent without recovery — absolute precedence, ROUTE-3); neuro.ischaemic-stroke.v1 (acute structural acute-symptomatic cause — finding-lrs C2 route). All four resolve to in-shard dossiers already named in the dossier body. No new calc.* ids introduced — MESS prognostic model and the ILAE-2014 ≥60% threshold remain schema-blocked and are encoded narratively + as Block-B recurrence LRs feeding the high_recurrence_unprovoked severity_trigger. PMIDs introduced this pass: 39388981 (10-yr prospective recurrence cohort — WebSearch-verified against pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2026-05-18, added to evidence.pmids). Cochrane CD013848.pub2 (Adan G et al. 2025; 23 studies, n=5918) cited by DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD013848.pub2 — numeric PMID NEEDS_SOURCE_REVIEW (not added to evidence.pmids until a numeric PMID is confirmed). All other PMIDs reused from the existing WebSearch-verified _research-bundle.md. No drug codes added or changed (depth-pass-2 is differential/LR + §5.5.1 only). DEPTH-PASS-3 2026-05-26 (lane-E): +NMA +USPSTF +Cochrane +ICER stubs +decision thresholds, side-car at neuro.first-seizure-eval.v1._depth-pass-3.md.

Entry points (5)

  • symptom
    First lifetime witnessed convulsive event — is-it-a-seizure work-up (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
    first_lifetime_convulsive_event
  • symptom
    Transient loss of consciousness of uncertain cause — seizure vs syncope vs PNES (Sheldon point score PMID 12103268)
    transient_loss_of_consciousness
  • symptom
    New focal aware / focal impaired-awareness episode (déjà vu, automatisms, sensory aura) — ILAE 2017 classification (Scheffer PMID 28276062)
    new_focal_aware_or_impaired_awareness_episode
  • symptom
    Post-event prolonged confusion or Todd paresis after a paroxysmal event (post-ictal pivot — King PMID 9759742)
    post_event_confusion_or_todd_paresis
  • history
    Eyewitness-described generalized tonic-clonic event (semiology capture is the load-bearing test)
    witnessed_generalized_tonic_clonic

Required inputs (26)

  • agerequired
    demographic • used at CONTEXT
    Elderly have lower recurrence threshold from structural disease + ASM interaction/fall risk; childbearing-potential branch drives ASM choice (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • sex_childbearing_potentialrequired
    demographic • used at CONTEXT
    People of childbearing potential — valproate hard-contraindicated (teratogenic/neurodevelopmental); prefer lamotrigine/levetiracetam + folate (NICE NG217 2022)
  • pregnancy_statusrequired
    demographic • used at CONTEXT
    Eclampsia (pregnancy ≥20 wk or postpartum) → route OB, MgSO4 not ASM; pregnancy alters ASM selection + folate (NICE NG217 2022)
  • eyewitness_semiologyrequired
    symptom • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Eyewitness account is the single most load-bearing test — onset, motor pattern, automatisms, duration, cyanosis (King PMID 9759742; ILAE 2017 Scheffer PMID 28276062)
  • lateral_tongue_bite
    symptom • used at DIFFERENTIAL
    Lateral tongue-bite has high specificity / strong LR+ for epileptic GTC vs syncope (Sheldon point score PMID 12103268)
  • postictal_confusion_durationrequired
    symptom • used at DIFFERENTIAL
    Prolonged post-ictal confusion favours epileptic seizure; rapid recovery favours convulsive syncope (Sheldon point score PMID 12103268)
  • prodrome_and_triggersrequired
    symptom • used at DIFFERENTIAL
    Presyncopal prodrome / upright posture / situational trigger favours convulsive syncope; sleep-deprivation/photic favours epileptic (Sheldon PMID 12103268; MESS Marson PMID 15950714)
  • pnes_discriminators
    symptom • used at DIFFERENTIAL
    Eyes closed, ictal weeping, very long duration, fluctuating course, pelvic thrusting, resistance to eye opening favour PNES → video-EEG, NOT ASM (NICE NG217 2022)
  • seizure_duration_or_recurrencerequired
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    Continuous ≥5 min OR recurrent without recovery → status epilepticus pathway takes precedence (route to neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1)
  • focal_neuro_deficit_or_persistent_AMSrequired
    symptom • used at RED_FLAGS
    Focal deficit / persistent altered mental status → urgent neuroimaging ± LP; acute-symptomatic structural or infectious cause (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • provoking_factor_within_7drequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Acute-symptomatic if within 7 d of stroke/TBI/CNS infection or active metabolic/toxic insult → treat cause, generally NO long-term ASM (ILAE 2014 Fisher PMID 24730690; Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • alcohol_or_drug_withdrawalrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Alcohol-withdrawal seizure → benzodiazepine pathway, NOT chronic ASM (distinct pathway; NICE NG217 2022)
  • remote_brain_insultrequired
    history • used at RISK_STRATIFICATION
    Prior stroke/TBI/CNS infection/tumour/perinatal injury = remote symptomatic — higher recurrence; meets epilepsy definition risk (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • nocturnal_seizure
    history • used at RISK_STRATIFICATION
    Nocturnal/sleep-related seizure is an independent higher-recurrence modifier (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • occupation_and_drivingrequired
    history • used at FOLLOWUP
    Driving restriction is jurisdiction-dependent and a core counselling deliverable; occupation (heights/machinery) drives shared ASM decision (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • glucoserequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hypo/hyperglycaemia is a reversible provoking cause — immediate fingerstick (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • sodiumrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hyponatraemia (and hypernatraemia) provoke seizures — correct cause; correction-rate matters (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • calciumrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hypocalcaemia provokes seizures (ionised preferred); reversible cause (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • magnesium
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hypomagnesaemia provoking factor; relevant to eclampsia/MgSO4 (NICE NG217 2022)
  • renal_hepatic_panelrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Uraemia and hepatic failure provoke seizures; eGFR/LFT also gate ASM dose selection (CKD-EPI 2021 for renal ASM dosing)
  • toxicology_screen
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Drug intoxication/withdrawal is a reversible provoking cause (cocaine, sympathomimetics, tramadol, bupropion, isoniazid) (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • pregnancy_testrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Pregnancy test in people of childbearing potential — eclampsia screen + ASM teratogenicity decision (NICE NG217 2022)
  • ecg_12_leadrequired
    imaging • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    ECG to exclude cardiac syncope / long-QT / Brugada — an important and dangerous seizure mimic (Sheldon PMID 12103268)
  • ct_head_acute
    imaging • used at BRANCHING_WORKUP
    Acute CT if focal deficit / persistent AMS / trauma / anticoagulation / immunocompromised / new severe headache (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
  • eeg_outpatientrequired
    imaging • used at BRANCHING_WORKUP
    EEG recommended after first unprovoked seizure — epileptiform abnormality (~23%) predicts recurrence; sleep-deprived/repeat raises yield (Krumholz 2007 PMID 18025394; King PMID 9759742)
  • mri_brain_epilepsy_protocolrequired
    imaging • used at BRANCHING_WORKUP
    Epilepsy-protocol MRI superior to CT for structural cause; abnormality is a higher-recurrence modifier (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057; King PMID 9759742)

12-phase flow (12)

  1. 1FRAME
    Adult presenting after a single new paroxysmal event — frame as is-it-a-seizure → provoked-vs-unprovoked → recurrence-risk/ASM decision (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057; ILAE 2014 Fisher PMID 24730690)
    inputs: age
    advance: Single-event presentation framed; SE excluded (not continuous ≥5 min)
  2. 2ENTRY
    ED or first-seizure clinic activation — triage urgency by red-flag screen vs stable outpatient single-seizure work-up
    inputs: eyewitness_semiology, seizure_duration_or_recurrence
    advance: Pathway activated and acuity assigned
  3. 3CONTEXT
    Capture provoking factors within 7 d (stroke/TBI/CNS infection, metabolic, toxic, alcohol/drug withdrawal, eclampsia), remote brain insult, childbearing potential, pregnancy, occupation/driving (ILAE 2014 Fisher PMID 24730690; NICE NG217 2022)
    inputs: provoking_factor_within_7d, alcohol_or_drug_withdrawal, sex_childbearing_potential, pregnancy_status, age
    actions: cascade.labs_command
    advance: Provoked-vs-unprovoked context captured
  4. 4RED_FLAGS
    Ongoing/recurrent seizure ≥5 min → SE pathway (route neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1); focal deficit / persistent AMS → urgent neuroimaging ± LP (stroke/ICH/meningitis/encephalitis); eclampsia → OB; hypoglycaemia/severe hyponatraemia → correct now (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057)
    inputs: seizure_duration_or_recurrence, focal_neuro_deficit_or_persistent_AMS, glucose, sodium
    actions: workup.status_epilepticus, workup.acute_stroke, workup.bacterial_meningitis, workup.hypoglycemia, workup.hyponatremia
    advance: Emergencies excluded or routed to acute sibling
  5. 5INITIAL_WORKUP
    History is the test — eyewitness semiology + post-ictal state; immediate glucose/Na/Ca/Mg, renal/hepatic, toxicology, pregnancy test; 12-lead ECG to exclude cardiac syncope/long-QT (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057; Sheldon PMID 12103268)
    inputs: eyewitness_semiology, glucose, sodium, calcium, magnesium, renal_hepatic_panel, toxicology_screen, pregnancy_test, ecg_12_lead
    actions: workup.first_seizure, panel.glucose_a1c, panel.metabolic, panel.cmp, panel.renal, panel.lft, panel.tox_screen, cascade.electrolyte
    advance: Reversible/provoking causes screened; semiology documented
  6. 6BRANCHING_WORKUP
    Acute CT if focal deficit/AMS/trauma/anticoagulated/immunocompromised; LP after imaging if CNS infection suspected; outpatient EEG (sleep-deprived/repeat if first normal) + epilepsy-protocol MRI for unprovoked seizure (Krumholz 2007 PMID 18025394; King PMID 9759742)
    inputs: ct_head_acute, eeg_outpatient, mri_brain_epilepsy_protocol
    actions: workup.acute_stroke, workup.bacterial_meningitis, workup.encephalopathy, workup.toxic_alcohols, panel.csf, panel.cbc
    advance: Structural/epileptiform work-up complete or scheduled
  7. 7DIFFERENTIAL
    Three-way partition: (a) epileptic seizure (lateral tongue-bite, prolonged post-ictal confusion — Sheldon PMID 12103268); (b) convulsive/cardiac syncope (prodrome, upright, rapid recovery — route symptom.syncope.ed.v1); (c) PNES (eyes closed, fluctuating, long duration → video-EEG, NOT ASM)
    inputs: lateral_tongue_bite, postictal_confusion_duration, prodrome_and_triggers, pnes_discriminators
    advance: Event classified as epileptic vs syncope vs PNES vs other paroxysmal
  8. 8RISK_STRATIFICATION
    Acute-symptomatic vs unprovoked vs first presentation of epilepsy; if unprovoked, recurrence-risk 21–45% at 2 yr — higher with remote brain insult, epileptiform EEG, significant MRI lesion, nocturnal seizure; ≥60% 2-yr risk OR 2 unprovoked >24 h apart OR epilepsy syndrome → epilepsy diagnosed (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057; ILAE 2014 Fisher PMID 24730690)
    inputs: remote_brain_insult, nocturnal_seizure, provoking_factor_within_7d
    actions: calc.phq9, calc.gad7, calc.ckd_epi_2021
    advance: Provoked/unprovoked classified + recurrence tier + epilepsy-definition status assigned
  9. 9TREATMENT
    Acute-symptomatic → treat the CAUSE, generally NO long-term ASM (alcohol withdrawal → benzodiazepine; metabolic → correct; eclampsia → OB/MgSO4). Unprovoked → shared ASM decision: immediate ASM reduces 2-yr recurrence but not long-term remission/QoL (FIRST PMID 9339678; MESS Marson PMID 15950714); start ASM if epilepsy diagnosed. PNES → psychiatry/psychotherapy, NOT ASM (NICE NG217 2022)
    inputs: sex_childbearing_potential, pregnancy_status, remote_brain_insult
    advance: Cause-directed plan and/or shared ASM decision documented
  10. 10DISPOSITION
    Discharge from ED with first-seizure clinic referral + driving/safety counselling when single self-terminated seizure, normal exam, reversible/no acute cause; admit for persistent AMS, focal deficit, SE risk, acute-symptomatic cause needing inpatient treatment, or unsafe home situation
    inputs: focal_neuro_deficit_or_persistent_AMS
    advance: Disposition documented with safety-net
  11. 11MONITORING
    First-seizure clinic re-assessment with EEG/MRI results; seizure diary; if ASM started — clinical response, ASM tolerability/levels, labs (LFT/CBC/Na for relevant ASMs); PHQ-9/GAD-7 (psychiatric comorbidity ~30%) (NICE NG217 2022)
    inputs: nocturnal_seizure
    actions: calc.phq9, calc.gad7
    advance: Monitoring plan and follow-up interval set
  12. 12FOLLOWUP
    Driving-restriction counselling (jurisdiction-dependent — counsel AND document), safety (swimming/heights/bathing/occupational), SUDEP discussion, alcohol/sleep-deprivation trigger avoidance, ASM individualisation, pregnancy planning + folate for childbearing potential, re-evaluate epilepsy diagnosis if second seizure (AAN/AES 2015 Krumholz PMID 25901057; ILAE 2014 Fisher PMID 24730690)
    inputs: occupation_and_driving, sex_childbearing_potential
    advance: Counselling delivered + documented; recurrence-action plan given