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psych.alcohol_withdrawal.core.v1

Acute Alcohol Withdrawal — inpatient management

psychiatryacuteadultacuteinpatienttransition

Acute alcohol withdrawal — ASAM 2020 + CIWA-Ar symptom-triggered protocol. New dossier authored 2026-05-13 in B.8 re-dispatch. CIWA-Ar bands: mild <10 / moderate 10–19 / severe ≥20. Step 0 universal: thiamine 500 mg IV q8h × 3 d BEFORE glucose; folate, MVI, K, Mg, Phos repletion. Step 1 mild (outpatient candidate): chlordiazepoxide taper or gabapentin (ASAM 2020 option). Step 2 moderate: CIWA-triggered diazepam (or lorazepam if cirrhosis); symptom-triggered uses less total BZD. Step 3 severe (ICU): front-load BZD; phenobarbital adjunct (Rosenson 2013). Step 4 seizure/DT: lorazepam IV stat 4 mg; phenobarbital load if status; do NOT use phenytoin alone for alcohol-withdrawal seizures (different mechanism). Step 5 AUD MAT bridge at discharge: naltrexone (po or XR-IM), acamprosate (renal-dosed), disulfiram (motivated patient + supervised admin), gabapentin (anxiety/insomnia residual). BZD selection in cirrhosis: lorazepam or oxazepam (non-CYP glucuronidation); AVOID long-acting diazepam/chlordiazepoxide. Wernicke triad (ophthalmoplegia + ataxia + confusion) → 500 mg IV thiamine × 5 d; progresses to Korsakoff if untreated. PRODUCTION blockers: (1) calc.ciwa_ar / calc.pawss registry binding pending, (2) RxCUIs need RxNav validation, (3) PMIDs need PubMed verification, (4) registry import not added (forbidden), (5) test file pending. HUMAN REVIEW: PAWSS-specific PMID and 2024 ASAM update verification deferred; clinical thresholds match ASAM 2020 and standard ICU practice. Deepened 2026-05-14 (shard-5-obped-id depth-pass-1): added co-located _research-bundles/psych.alcohol_withdrawal.core.v1.md + companion _briefs/psych.alcohol_withdrawal.core.v1.depth.md. Added outpatient AUD MAT continuation setting playbook (naltrexone / acamprosate first-line per ASAM 2020 hierarchy + disulfiram second-line + off-label gabapentin / topiramate; Brief Intervention + Motivational Interviewing; AA / SMART Recovery referral; follow-up at 1/2/4 weeks; LFT + CBC at 2-4 weeks; PHQ-9 + C-SSRS surveillance at EVERY visit because SI risk peaks 2-12 weeks post-withdrawal during post-acute withdrawal anhedonia / protracted GABA dysregulation; lethal-means counseling for any SI history; family / support involvement). Added severity triggers: delirium_tremens_present (life-threatening; complements existing delirium_tremens row by being behaviourally explicit + PAWSS ≥ 4 admission predictor + adjunct phenobarbital OR dexmedetomidine choice rationale), withdrawal_seizure_first_episode (severe; first-episode uncomplicated GTC 12-48 h post-cessation with 24-h observation requirement + status routing edge to neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1), kindling_history_or_dt_history (severe; prior DT or seizure history = strongest predictor of current-admission complication LR+ ≈ 5-10; admit even with mild-moderate CIWA-Ar; aggressive front-loading), and wernicke_features_present (severe; codifies the urgent thiamine-before-glucose rule even for incomplete-triad presentations — complements life-threatening wernicke_triad row). Appended verified PMIDs 9244334 (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997 benzodiazepine guideline + seizure / DT pharmacology) and 22834916 (Rosenson 2013 phenobarbital ED RCT — lowered ICU admission 8% vs 25%), bringing dossier.evidence.pmids from 2 to 4 verified anchors (Maldonado PAWSS, Cook 1998 Wernicke, Saitz JAMA 1994, COMBINE 2006, Hack 2006, Mason 2014, Hendey 2011, Sachdeva 2015, Awissi 2013 remain NEEDS_SOURCE_REVIEW pending Stage-A verification — not added per verification rule). Phenotype matrix (CIWA-Ar band × DT-history × age × comorbid hepatic / cardiac / seizure-history / polysubstance / pregnancy / psychiatric) is encoded indirectly via severity_triggers (ciwa_ge_20, withdrawal_seizure, delirium_tremens, delirium_tremens_present, withdrawal_seizure_first_episode, kindling_history_or_dt_history, bzd_refractory_withdrawal, autonomic_storm, wernicke_triad, wernicke_features_present) and via sibling_differentiation routing (psych.opioid_use_disorder.core.v1, psych.suicidality.ed.core.v1, gi.cirrhosis.core.v1) and via per-setting playbook drug logic (BZD selection in cirrhosis = lorazepam/oxazepam; avoid disulfiram in pregnancy/CAD; thiamine universal). First-class TS field for phenotype matrix is schema-blocked — see id.sepsis.core.v1 brief Schema-blocked queue. Bayesian linkage (CIWA-Ar band LRs: ≤8 LR− ≈ 0.3-0.5; 9-15 LR+ ≈ 1.5-2; 16-19 LR+ ≈ 3-4; ≥20 LR+ ≈ 8-15 for DT progression; PAWSS ≥ 4 LR+ ≈ 6 for complicated withdrawal anticipated per Maldonado 2014; prior DT/seizure history LR+ ≈ 5-10 — kindling phenomenon; T_admit = CIWA-Ar ≥ 15 OR comorbid medical / age > 65 / DT history / autonomic instability OR PAWSS ≥ 4; T_discharge = CIWA-Ar ≤ 8 sustained × 24 h + ambulating + tolerating PO + mental status at baseline + electrolytes stable + Brief Intervention + AUD MAT initiated + outpatient appointment confirmed; cross-dossier routing to psych.suicidality.ed.core.v1 for SI screen during withdrawal — high comorbidity, ~2-3× completed-suicide risk; gi.cirrhosis.core.v1 if hepatic decompensation; nutrient-replacement workup if Wernicke features; psych.opioid_use_disorder.core.v1 if polysubstance opioid use; neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1 if status develops) is documented in the co-located _research-bundles/psych.alcohol_withdrawal.core.v1.md. ROS/DDx LR seed data audited by npm run audit:ros-ddx-coverage (cross-cutting; not touched by this shard). Prehospital recognition (EMS IM/IV BZD for witnessed alcohol-withdrawal seizure en route — RAMPART Silbergleit NEJM 2012 supports IM midazolam 10 mg for prehospital status; alcohol-withdrawal seizures follow same pathway) is encoded indirectly via the ED-setting playbook escalation entry; a first-class "prehospital" DossierSetting value is schema-blocked, and the transitions[] array (admit/escalation/de-escalation pattern from sepsis dossier) was not authored in this pass — deferred. Kindling phenomenon — each subsequent alcohol withdrawal is more severe than the prior episode, biologically driven by repeated GABA-A receptor down-regulation + NMDA receptor up-regulation cycling. Prior DT or withdrawal-seizure history is the single strongest predictor of complicated current-admission withdrawal (LR+ ≈ 5-10). Motivates the kindling_history_or_dt_history severity trigger (admit even with mild-moderate CIWA-Ar), the aggressive front-loading IV BZD ± phenobarbital adjunct in patients with kindling history, the outpatient setting playbook emphasis on SI surveillance at 2-12 weeks (post-acute withdrawal anhedonia / protracted GABA dysregulation period), and the AUD MAT initiation before discharge (every subsequent withdrawal compounds the kindling risk).

Entry points (6)

  • symptom
    Tremor, diaphoresis, anxiety, autonomic hyperactivity after recent cessation/reduction of alcohol (DSM-5-TR 2022; ASAM 2020)
    tremor_diaphoresis_anxiety
  • symptom
    Witnessed or reported generalized tonic-clonic seizure within 24–48 h of alcohol cessation (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997)
    withdrawal_seizure
  • symptom
    Delirium tremens — clouded sensorium + hallucinations + autonomic storm + disorientation (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997)
    delirium_tremens
  • history
    Heavy chronic alcohol use (>5 standard drinks/d men or >3/d women; AUDIT-C high) with recent cessation/reduction (ASAM 2020)
    heavy_chronic_alcohol_use
  • history
    Prior history of DT or withdrawal seizure (strongest predictor of complicated withdrawal — kindling phenomenon) (ASAM 2020)
    prior_dt_or_withdrawal_seizure
  • problem_list
    Patient admitted for another reason (surgery, trauma, infection) with concurrent heavy alcohol use — anticipated withdrawal during admission (ASAM 2020)
    admitted_for_other_reason

Required inputs (22)

  • agerequired
    demographic • used at CONTEXT
    Geriatric (>65) higher risk for complicated withdrawal + delirium (ASAM 2020); pediatric workflow distinct
  • last_drink_hours_agorequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Timeline predicts phase — tremor/anxiety 6–24h, seizures 12–48h, hallucinosis 12–24h, DT 48–96h (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997)
  • alcohol_quantity_durationrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Quantity (>150 g/d) + duration predict severity (ASAM 2020)
  • prior_withdrawal_severityrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Prior DT or withdrawal seizure = strongest predictor (kindling) (ASAM 2020)
  • liver_diseaserequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Cirrhosis changes BZD selection — avoid long-acting (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide) due to impaired clearance and active metabolites; use lorazepam or oxazepam (glucuronidation) (ASAM 2020; ACG 2018)
  • concurrent_substance_userequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    Polysubstance — benzodiazepine + opioid + stimulant complicates withdrawal management and monitoring (ASAM 2020)
  • medical_comorbidityrequired
    history • used at CONTEXT
    CAD, COPD, head injury, pancreatitis, GI bleed all affect dosing and disposition (ASAM 2020)
  • recent_head_injuryrequired
    history • used at RED_FLAGS
    Subdural / intracranial hemorrhage in altered alcohol patient — low threshold for CT (ASAM 2020)
  • heart_raterequired
    vital • used at RISK_STRATIFICATION
    HR >120 = autonomic hyperactivity, severe withdrawal trigger (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989 CIWA-Ar)
  • temperaturerequired
    vital • used at RED_FLAGS
    Fever >38.5 may indicate DT or concurrent infection (ASAM 2020)
  • systolic_bprequired
    vital • used at RISK_STRATIFICATION
    SBP >180 = autonomic hyperactivity (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989 CIWA-Ar)
  • cbcrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Macrocytic anemia (chronic alcohol), thrombocytopenia (alcohol or cirrhosis) (ASAM 2020)
  • bmprequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hypokalemia, hyponatremia (psychogenic polydipsia, beer potomania), hypoglycemia, AKI (ASAM 2020)
  • magnesiumrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hypomagnesemia common and contributes to refractory hypokalemia + seizures (ASAM 2020)
  • phosphorusrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Hypophosphatemia common — replete to prevent refeeding-like syndrome on glucose load (ASAM 2020)
  • lftrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    AST/ALT, GGT, bilirubin, INR — cirrhosis severity affects BZD choice and disposition (ACG 2018)
  • blood_alcohol_level
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Sometimes surprisingly elevated while symptomatic if heavy chronic user (tolerance); also confirms recent intake (ASAM 2020)
  • tox_screenrequired
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Polysubstance (BZD, opioid, stimulant) common; affects regimen (ASAM 2020)
  • lipase
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Pancreatitis common in heavy alcohol use (ACG 2018)
  • inr_pt
    lab • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    Cirrhosis assessment; baseline for any neuraxial procedure (ACG 2018)
  • ecgrequired
    imaging • used at INITIAL_WORKUP
    QTc baseline; rule out ischemia from sympathetic surge (ASAM 2020)
  • ct_head
    imaging • used at BRANCHING_WORKUP
    If altered + trauma history OR focal neuro findings OR first-time seizure (ASAM 2020)

12-phase flow (12)

  1. 1FRAME
    Acute alcohol withdrawal — DSM-5-TR 2022 criteria (cessation/reduction + ≥2 of 8 symptoms within hours to days); typically inpatient management for moderate-severe; ICU for complicated withdrawal (ASAM 2020)
    advance: Withdrawal diagnosis confirmed and admission decision made
  2. 2ENTRY
    Trigger from tremor/autonomic symptoms in heavy chronic user with recent cessation, witnessed seizure, DT presentation, or anticipated withdrawal in patient admitted for another reason (ASAM 2020)
    inputs: last_drink_hours_ago, alcohol_quantity_duration
    advance: Entry criteria documented
  3. 3CONTEXT
    Prior withdrawal severity (DT/seizure history is #1 predictor — kindling) (ASAM 2020); liver disease (changes BZD) (ACG 2018); concurrent substances; medical comorbidities (CAD, head injury, pancreatitis, GI bleed)
    inputs: prior_withdrawal_severity, liver_disease, concurrent_substance_use, medical_comorbidity
    advance: Risk factors captured
  4. 4RED_FLAGS
    Withdrawal seizure → status (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997); DT → autonomic storm + mortality 5% untreated; severe autonomic instability (HR>120, T>38.5, SBP>180); Wernicke triad (ophthalmoplegia + ataxia + confusion); head injury / focal neuro / first seizure → image; concurrent sepsis → workup
    inputs: heart_rate, temperature, recent_head_injury
    actions: workup.ciwa_ar_q1_2h, workup.seizure_precautions, workup.thiamine_before_glucose
    advance: Containment in place AND critical Rx initiated
  5. 5INITIAL_WORKUP
    CBC, BMP, Mg, Phos, LFTs, alcohol level, tox screen, lipase, INR, ECG — all baseline (ASAM 2020); aggressive electrolyte repletion (K, Mg, Phos); thiamine 500 mg IV q8h × 3 d BEFORE glucose (Cook 1998)
    inputs: cbc, bmp, magnesium, phosphorus, lft, tox_screen
    actions: workup.thiamine_iv, workup.electrolyte_repletion
    advance: Baseline labs returned and repletion initiated
  6. 6BRANCHING_WORKUP
    CT head if altered + trauma OR focal findings OR first seizure; LP if febrile altered; serial CIWA-Ar (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989); cardiac monitoring; sepsis workup if febrile
    advance: Targeted workup when triggered
  7. 7DIFFERENTIAL
    Sepsis vs thyroid storm vs sympathomimetic intoxication vs BZD/opioid withdrawal vs serotonin syndrome vs anticholinergic toxidrome vs encephalopathy (hepatic, Wernicke) vs CNS infection vs ICH (ASAM 2020)
    advance: Working differential and concurrent processes addressed
  8. 8RISK_STRATIFICATION
    CIWA-Ar severity bands (mild <10, moderate 10–19, severe ≥20) (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989); PAWSS at admission for predictive stratification (≥4 = complicated withdrawal anticipated) (Maldonado Alcohol 2014); add modifiers for prior DT/seizure, autonomic instability, concurrent acute illness
    inputs: heart_rate, systolic_bp, temperature
    advance: Severity tier assigned
  9. 9TREATMENT
    Step 0 thiamine universal (Cook 1998) → Step 1 mild (chlordiazepoxide / gabapentin outpatient option) (ASAM 2020) → Step 2 moderate (CIWA-triggered diazepam or lorazepam) (Amato Cochrane 2010) → Step 3 severe (front-loading BZD, ICU) → Step 4 BZD-refractory (phenobarbital + propofol or dexmed) (Hack Addiction 2006); withdrawal seizure protocol; AUD MAT bridge
    advance: Symptom-triggered protocol active and patient stabilizing
  10. 10DISPOSITION
    Outpatient (mild CIWA, no prior DT/seizure, reliable supports) — chlordiazepoxide taper or gabapentin (ASAM 2020); ward (CIWA 10–19, no autonomic instability); ICU (CIWA ≥20 with autonomic instability, DT, BZD-refractory, intubated); addiction medicine consult before discharge with MAT initiation
    advance: Disposition assigned with explicit basis
  11. 11MONITORING
    CIWA-Ar q1–2h while ≥10; then q4–8h once <10 × 24h (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989); vitals q1–2h × 24h; BMP/Mg/Phos q12–24h; mental status q2–4h to detect DT progression; seizure precautions; ECG telemetry while autonomic storm (ASAM 2020)
    advance: Withdrawal resolved (CIWA <8 sustained × 24h) and MAT initiated
  12. 12FOLLOWUP
    Outpatient addiction medicine within 1 week; AUD MAT (naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram, gabapentin off-label) (ASAM 2020); counseling; mutual-help (AA, SMART, LifeRing); thiamine continued PO; nutritional supplementation; primary care follow-up for liver, BP, cardiac
    advance: Outpatient handoff complete with appointment confirmed