Acute Alcohol Withdrawal — inpatient management
Acute alcohol withdrawal — ASAM 2020 + CIWA-Ar symptom-triggered protocol. New dossier authored 2026-05-13 in B.8 re-dispatch. CIWA-Ar bands: mild <10 / moderate 10–19 / severe ≥20. Step 0 universal: thiamine 500 mg IV q8h × 3 d BEFORE glucose; folate, MVI, K, Mg, Phos repletion. Step 1 mild (outpatient candidate): chlordiazepoxide taper or gabapentin (ASAM 2020 option). Step 2 moderate: CIWA-triggered diazepam (or lorazepam if cirrhosis); symptom-triggered uses less total BZD. Step 3 severe (ICU): front-load BZD; phenobarbital adjunct (Rosenson 2013). Step 4 seizure/DT: lorazepam IV stat 4 mg; phenobarbital load if status; do NOT use phenytoin alone for alcohol-withdrawal seizures (different mechanism). Step 5 AUD MAT bridge at discharge: naltrexone (po or XR-IM), acamprosate (renal-dosed), disulfiram (motivated patient + supervised admin), gabapentin (anxiety/insomnia residual). BZD selection in cirrhosis: lorazepam or oxazepam (non-CYP glucuronidation); AVOID long-acting diazepam/chlordiazepoxide. Wernicke triad (ophthalmoplegia + ataxia + confusion) → 500 mg IV thiamine × 5 d; progresses to Korsakoff if untreated. PRODUCTION blockers: (1) calc.ciwa_ar / calc.pawss registry binding pending, (2) RxCUIs need RxNav validation, (3) PMIDs need PubMed verification, (4) registry import not added (forbidden), (5) test file pending. HUMAN REVIEW: PAWSS-specific PMID and 2024 ASAM update verification deferred; clinical thresholds match ASAM 2020 and standard ICU practice. Deepened 2026-05-14 (shard-5-obped-id depth-pass-1): added co-located _research-bundles/psych.alcohol_withdrawal.core.v1.md + companion _briefs/psych.alcohol_withdrawal.core.v1.depth.md. Added outpatient AUD MAT continuation setting playbook (naltrexone / acamprosate first-line per ASAM 2020 hierarchy + disulfiram second-line + off-label gabapentin / topiramate; Brief Intervention + Motivational Interviewing; AA / SMART Recovery referral; follow-up at 1/2/4 weeks; LFT + CBC at 2-4 weeks; PHQ-9 + C-SSRS surveillance at EVERY visit because SI risk peaks 2-12 weeks post-withdrawal during post-acute withdrawal anhedonia / protracted GABA dysregulation; lethal-means counseling for any SI history; family / support involvement). Added severity triggers: delirium_tremens_present (life-threatening; complements existing delirium_tremens row by being behaviourally explicit + PAWSS ≥ 4 admission predictor + adjunct phenobarbital OR dexmedetomidine choice rationale), withdrawal_seizure_first_episode (severe; first-episode uncomplicated GTC 12-48 h post-cessation with 24-h observation requirement + status routing edge to neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1), kindling_history_or_dt_history (severe; prior DT or seizure history = strongest predictor of current-admission complication LR+ ≈ 5-10; admit even with mild-moderate CIWA-Ar; aggressive front-loading), and wernicke_features_present (severe; codifies the urgent thiamine-before-glucose rule even for incomplete-triad presentations — complements life-threatening wernicke_triad row). Appended verified PMIDs 9244334 (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997 benzodiazepine guideline + seizure / DT pharmacology) and 22834916 (Rosenson 2013 phenobarbital ED RCT — lowered ICU admission 8% vs 25%), bringing dossier.evidence.pmids from 2 to 4 verified anchors (Maldonado PAWSS, Cook 1998 Wernicke, Saitz JAMA 1994, COMBINE 2006, Hack 2006, Mason 2014, Hendey 2011, Sachdeva 2015, Awissi 2013 remain NEEDS_SOURCE_REVIEW pending Stage-A verification — not added per verification rule). Phenotype matrix (CIWA-Ar band × DT-history × age × comorbid hepatic / cardiac / seizure-history / polysubstance / pregnancy / psychiatric) is encoded indirectly via severity_triggers (ciwa_ge_20, withdrawal_seizure, delirium_tremens, delirium_tremens_present, withdrawal_seizure_first_episode, kindling_history_or_dt_history, bzd_refractory_withdrawal, autonomic_storm, wernicke_triad, wernicke_features_present) and via sibling_differentiation routing (psych.opioid_use_disorder.core.v1, psych.suicidality.ed.core.v1, gi.cirrhosis.core.v1) and via per-setting playbook drug logic (BZD selection in cirrhosis = lorazepam/oxazepam; avoid disulfiram in pregnancy/CAD; thiamine universal). First-class TS field for phenotype matrix is schema-blocked — see id.sepsis.core.v1 brief Schema-blocked queue. Bayesian linkage (CIWA-Ar band LRs: ≤8 LR− ≈ 0.3-0.5; 9-15 LR+ ≈ 1.5-2; 16-19 LR+ ≈ 3-4; ≥20 LR+ ≈ 8-15 for DT progression; PAWSS ≥ 4 LR+ ≈ 6 for complicated withdrawal anticipated per Maldonado 2014; prior DT/seizure history LR+ ≈ 5-10 — kindling phenomenon; T_admit = CIWA-Ar ≥ 15 OR comorbid medical / age > 65 / DT history / autonomic instability OR PAWSS ≥ 4; T_discharge = CIWA-Ar ≤ 8 sustained × 24 h + ambulating + tolerating PO + mental status at baseline + electrolytes stable + Brief Intervention + AUD MAT initiated + outpatient appointment confirmed; cross-dossier routing to psych.suicidality.ed.core.v1 for SI screen during withdrawal — high comorbidity, ~2-3× completed-suicide risk; gi.cirrhosis.core.v1 if hepatic decompensation; nutrient-replacement workup if Wernicke features; psych.opioid_use_disorder.core.v1 if polysubstance opioid use; neuro.status-epilepticus.core.v1 if status develops) is documented in the co-located _research-bundles/psych.alcohol_withdrawal.core.v1.md. ROS/DDx LR seed data audited by npm run audit:ros-ddx-coverage (cross-cutting; not touched by this shard). Prehospital recognition (EMS IM/IV BZD for witnessed alcohol-withdrawal seizure en route — RAMPART Silbergleit NEJM 2012 supports IM midazolam 10 mg for prehospital status; alcohol-withdrawal seizures follow same pathway) is encoded indirectly via the ED-setting playbook escalation entry; a first-class "prehospital" DossierSetting value is schema-blocked, and the transitions[] array (admit/escalation/de-escalation pattern from sepsis dossier) was not authored in this pass — deferred. Kindling phenomenon — each subsequent alcohol withdrawal is more severe than the prior episode, biologically driven by repeated GABA-A receptor down-regulation + NMDA receptor up-regulation cycling. Prior DT or withdrawal-seizure history is the single strongest predictor of complicated current-admission withdrawal (LR+ ≈ 5-10). Motivates the kindling_history_or_dt_history severity trigger (admit even with mild-moderate CIWA-Ar), the aggressive front-loading IV BZD ± phenobarbital adjunct in patients with kindling history, the outpatient setting playbook emphasis on SI surveillance at 2-12 weeks (post-acute withdrawal anhedonia / protracted GABA dysregulation period), and the AUD MAT initiation before discharge (every subsequent withdrawal compounds the kindling risk).
Entry points (6)
- symptomTremor, diaphoresis, anxiety, autonomic hyperactivity after recent cessation/reduction of alcohol (DSM-5-TR 2022; ASAM 2020)tremor_diaphoresis_anxiety
- symptomWitnessed or reported generalized tonic-clonic seizure within 24–48 h of alcohol cessation (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997)withdrawal_seizure
- symptomDelirium tremens — clouded sensorium + hallucinations + autonomic storm + disorientation (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997)delirium_tremens
- historyHeavy chronic alcohol use (>5 standard drinks/d men or >3/d women; AUDIT-C high) with recent cessation/reduction (ASAM 2020)heavy_chronic_alcohol_use
- historyPrior history of DT or withdrawal seizure (strongest predictor of complicated withdrawal — kindling phenomenon) (ASAM 2020)prior_dt_or_withdrawal_seizure
- problem_listPatient admitted for another reason (surgery, trauma, infection) with concurrent heavy alcohol use — anticipated withdrawal during admission (ASAM 2020)admitted_for_other_reason
Required inputs (22)
- agerequireddemographic • used at CONTEXTGeriatric (>65) higher risk for complicated withdrawal + delirium (ASAM 2020); pediatric workflow distinct
- last_drink_hours_agorequiredhistory • used at CONTEXTTimeline predicts phase — tremor/anxiety 6–24h, seizures 12–48h, hallucinosis 12–24h, DT 48–96h (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997)
- alcohol_quantity_durationrequiredhistory • used at CONTEXTQuantity (>150 g/d) + duration predict severity (ASAM 2020)
- prior_withdrawal_severityrequiredhistory • used at CONTEXTPrior DT or withdrawal seizure = strongest predictor (kindling) (ASAM 2020)
- liver_diseaserequiredhistory • used at CONTEXTCirrhosis changes BZD selection — avoid long-acting (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide) due to impaired clearance and active metabolites; use lorazepam or oxazepam (glucuronidation) (ASAM 2020; ACG 2018)
- concurrent_substance_userequiredhistory • used at CONTEXTPolysubstance — benzodiazepine + opioid + stimulant complicates withdrawal management and monitoring (ASAM 2020)
- medical_comorbidityrequiredhistory • used at CONTEXTCAD, COPD, head injury, pancreatitis, GI bleed all affect dosing and disposition (ASAM 2020)
- recent_head_injuryrequiredhistory • used at RED_FLAGSSubdural / intracranial hemorrhage in altered alcohol patient — low threshold for CT (ASAM 2020)
- heart_raterequiredvital • used at RISK_STRATIFICATIONHR >120 = autonomic hyperactivity, severe withdrawal trigger (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989 CIWA-Ar)
- temperaturerequiredvital • used at RED_FLAGSFever >38.5 may indicate DT or concurrent infection (ASAM 2020)
- systolic_bprequiredvital • used at RISK_STRATIFICATIONSBP >180 = autonomic hyperactivity (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989 CIWA-Ar)
- cbcrequiredlab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPMacrocytic anemia (chronic alcohol), thrombocytopenia (alcohol or cirrhosis) (ASAM 2020)
- bmprequiredlab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPHypokalemia, hyponatremia (psychogenic polydipsia, beer potomania), hypoglycemia, AKI (ASAM 2020)
- magnesiumrequiredlab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPHypomagnesemia common and contributes to refractory hypokalemia + seizures (ASAM 2020)
- phosphorusrequiredlab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPHypophosphatemia common — replete to prevent refeeding-like syndrome on glucose load (ASAM 2020)
- lftrequiredlab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPAST/ALT, GGT, bilirubin, INR — cirrhosis severity affects BZD choice and disposition (ACG 2018)
- blood_alcohol_levellab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPSometimes surprisingly elevated while symptomatic if heavy chronic user (tolerance); also confirms recent intake (ASAM 2020)
- tox_screenrequiredlab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPPolysubstance (BZD, opioid, stimulant) common; affects regimen (ASAM 2020)
- lipaselab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPPancreatitis common in heavy alcohol use (ACG 2018)
- inr_ptlab • used at INITIAL_WORKUPCirrhosis assessment; baseline for any neuraxial procedure (ACG 2018)
- ecgrequiredimaging • used at INITIAL_WORKUPQTc baseline; rule out ischemia from sympathetic surge (ASAM 2020)
- ct_headimaging • used at BRANCHING_WORKUPIf altered + trauma history OR focal neuro findings OR first-time seizure (ASAM 2020)
12-phase flow (12)
- 1FRAMEAcute alcohol withdrawal — DSM-5-TR 2022 criteria (cessation/reduction + ≥2 of 8 symptoms within hours to days); typically inpatient management for moderate-severe; ICU for complicated withdrawal (ASAM 2020)advance: Withdrawal diagnosis confirmed and admission decision made
- 2ENTRYTrigger from tremor/autonomic symptoms in heavy chronic user with recent cessation, witnessed seizure, DT presentation, or anticipated withdrawal in patient admitted for another reason (ASAM 2020)inputs: last_drink_hours_ago, alcohol_quantity_durationadvance: Entry criteria documented
- 3CONTEXTPrior withdrawal severity (DT/seizure history is #1 predictor — kindling) (ASAM 2020); liver disease (changes BZD) (ACG 2018); concurrent substances; medical comorbidities (CAD, head injury, pancreatitis, GI bleed)inputs: prior_withdrawal_severity, liver_disease, concurrent_substance_use, medical_comorbidityadvance: Risk factors captured
- 4RED_FLAGSWithdrawal seizure → status (Mayo-Smith JAMA 1997); DT → autonomic storm + mortality 5% untreated; severe autonomic instability (HR>120, T>38.5, SBP>180); Wernicke triad (ophthalmoplegia + ataxia + confusion); head injury / focal neuro / first seizure → image; concurrent sepsis → workupinputs: heart_rate, temperature, recent_head_injuryactions: workup.ciwa_ar_q1_2h, workup.seizure_precautions, workup.thiamine_before_glucoseadvance: Containment in place AND critical Rx initiated
- 5INITIAL_WORKUPCBC, BMP, Mg, Phos, LFTs, alcohol level, tox screen, lipase, INR, ECG — all baseline (ASAM 2020); aggressive electrolyte repletion (K, Mg, Phos); thiamine 500 mg IV q8h × 3 d BEFORE glucose (Cook 1998)inputs: cbc, bmp, magnesium, phosphorus, lft, tox_screenactions: workup.thiamine_iv, workup.electrolyte_repletionadvance: Baseline labs returned and repletion initiated
- 6BRANCHING_WORKUPCT head if altered + trauma OR focal findings OR first seizure; LP if febrile altered; serial CIWA-Ar (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989); cardiac monitoring; sepsis workup if febrileadvance: Targeted workup when triggered
- 7DIFFERENTIALSepsis vs thyroid storm vs sympathomimetic intoxication vs BZD/opioid withdrawal vs serotonin syndrome vs anticholinergic toxidrome vs encephalopathy (hepatic, Wernicke) vs CNS infection vs ICH (ASAM 2020)advance: Working differential and concurrent processes addressed
- 8RISK_STRATIFICATIONCIWA-Ar severity bands (mild <10, moderate 10–19, severe ≥20) (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989); PAWSS at admission for predictive stratification (≥4 = complicated withdrawal anticipated) (Maldonado Alcohol 2014); add modifiers for prior DT/seizure, autonomic instability, concurrent acute illnessinputs: heart_rate, systolic_bp, temperatureadvance: Severity tier assigned
- 9TREATMENTStep 0 thiamine universal (Cook 1998) → Step 1 mild (chlordiazepoxide / gabapentin outpatient option) (ASAM 2020) → Step 2 moderate (CIWA-triggered diazepam or lorazepam) (Amato Cochrane 2010) → Step 3 severe (front-loading BZD, ICU) → Step 4 BZD-refractory (phenobarbital + propofol or dexmed) (Hack Addiction 2006); withdrawal seizure protocol; AUD MAT bridgeadvance: Symptom-triggered protocol active and patient stabilizing
- 10DISPOSITIONOutpatient (mild CIWA, no prior DT/seizure, reliable supports) — chlordiazepoxide taper or gabapentin (ASAM 2020); ward (CIWA 10–19, no autonomic instability); ICU (CIWA ≥20 with autonomic instability, DT, BZD-refractory, intubated); addiction medicine consult before discharge with MAT initiationadvance: Disposition assigned with explicit basis
- 11MONITORINGCIWA-Ar q1–2h while ≥10; then q4–8h once <10 × 24h (Sullivan JClinPsychopharmacol 1989); vitals q1–2h × 24h; BMP/Mg/Phos q12–24h; mental status q2–4h to detect DT progression; seizure precautions; ECG telemetry while autonomic storm (ASAM 2020)advance: Withdrawal resolved (CIWA <8 sustained × 24h) and MAT initiated
- 12FOLLOWUPOutpatient addiction medicine within 1 week; AUD MAT (naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram, gabapentin off-label) (ASAM 2020); counseling; mutual-help (AA, SMART, LifeRing); thiamine continued PO; nutritional supplementation; primary care follow-up for liver, BP, cardiacadvance: Outpatient handoff complete with appointment confirmed