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Patient handout

Postpartum psychosis — acute postpartum psychiatric emergency (ACOG 757 2018/2024; NICE NG192 2024; APA 2024; Bergink 2012; Sit 2006)

PRODUCTION

1. Your condition

This handout is for postpartum psychosis — acute postpartum psychiatric emergency (acog 757 2018/2024; nice ng192 2024; apa 2024; bergink 2012; sit 2006). Your care team identified this based on: hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganised thought / behaviour within 12 weeks postpartum (dsm-5-tr 2022 brief psychotic disorder with peripartum onset; acog 757 2018/2024; nice ng192 2024).

Other reasons your team may use this plan: rapid mood cycling, severe insomnia with decreased sleep need, mania-with-psychosis postpartum (apa 2024 postpartum-onset specifier; sit 2006 pmid 16724884); severe insomnia (< 4 h/night ≥ 2 d) + new confusion/fluctuating cognition in first 4 weeks postpartum — high-acuity prodrome (bergink 2012 pmid 22407083; nice ng192 2024); thoughts, urges, or command hallucinations to harm self or infant in postpartum patient (brockington lancet 2004 pmid 14751705; acog 757 2018/2024).

2. Your medications

Take these medications exactly as prescribed. Do not stop or change a dose without talking to your provider.

MedicationStarting doseHowWhenWhat it does
olanzapine5–10 mg PO QHS; titrate to 15–20 mg/dayPOonce dailyFDA-approved for acute mania + schizophrenia; sedation useful in severe postpartum insomnia; metabolic monitoring required (APA/ADA 2004; APA 2024; NICE NG192 2024 — preferred when severe insomnia component)
risperidone1 mg PO BID; titrate to 2–4 mg/dayPOBIDLow relative-infant-dose in breastfeeding (~ 4%); FDA-approved for acute mania + schizophrenia; potent D2 — monitor EPS / prolactin (APA 2024; PSI 2024)
quetiapine50 mg PO BID day 1; titrate to 100–300 mg/dayPOBIDSedation useful in postpartum insomnia; FDA-approved across bipolar polarities; metabolic burden moderate (APA 2024; NICE NG192 2024)
aripiprazole5–10 mg PO daily; titrate to 15 mgPOonce dailyMetabolically favourable but suppresses prolactin — caveat if breastfeeding maintenance desired; useful when olanzapine / quetiapine metabolic load undesirable (APA 2024)
lorazepam1–2 mg PO/IM/IV PRN q4–6hPO/IM/IVPRN q4–6hAdjunct for sleep induction + agitation; first-line for catatonia lorazepam-challenge (Bush-Francis 1996); caution if patient breastfeeding — choose short-acting + monitor infant sedation (APA 2024; PSI 2024)

Plan: Acute postpartum psychosis pharmacotherapy — antipsychotic + mood stabiliser combination (APA 2024; NICE NG192 2024; Bergink 2012 PMID 22407083)

3. Your action plan

Use these zones to know what to do based on how you feel.

GREENDoing well — euthymic, no psychosis, stable sleep, bonding with infant (APA 2024; PSI 2024)
If you have:
  • Mood stable + euthymic (APA 2024)
  • Sleeping 6–8 h on regular schedule (Bergink 2012; Harvey 2008)
  • Bonding and engaging with infant (PSI 2024)
  • Taking antipsychotic + mood stabiliser as prescribed (APA 2024)
  • No suicidal or infanticide thoughts (C-SSRS; Posner 2011)
  • Family supports engaged (PSI 2024)
Do this:
  • Take medications every day at same time — NEVER stop without provider (APA 2024)
  • Keep consistent sleep schedule — sleep deprivation is a relapse trigger (Bergink 2012; Harvey 2008)
  • Attend perinatal psychiatry + OB + pediatric appointments on schedule (APA 2024; ACOG 757 2018/2024; PSI 2024)
  • Keep lab monitoring on schedule (lithium / TSH / renal / valproate / CBC) (APA 2024)
  • Avoid alcohol + recreational drugs + new prescription stimulants without provider (APA 2024; SAMHSA TIP 51 2018)
  • Confirm lethal-means restriction is in place (firearm + medications) (VA/DoD 2019)
  • Keep crisis lines accessible — 988 + 1-800-944-4773 (PSI) (SAMHSA TIP 50 2015; PSI 2024)
  • Engage in IPSRT / CBT / family-focused therapy as scheduled (Frank 2015; Miklowitz 2007)
YELLOWWarning — early warning signs of relapse (sleep loss, irritability, racing thoughts, intrusive infant-focused thoughts) (NICE NG192 2024; APA 2024; PSI 2024)
If you have:
  • Sleeping < 5 h/night × ≥ 2 d (Bergink 2012; Harvey 2008)
  • Racing thoughts, talking faster, increased goal-directed activity (APA 2024)
  • Increasing irritability or paranoia (APA 2024)
  • New low mood / hopelessness / withdrawal (APA 2024)
  • Intrusive thoughts about the infant (even without intent to act) (PSI 2024)
  • Missed medication doses (APA 2024)
  • Increased alcohol or substance use (SAMHSA TIP 51 2018)
Do this:
  • Use your personal early-warning-sign list + crisis plan IMMEDIATELY (NICE NG192 2024; PSI 2024)
  • Tell partner / trusted family AND your perinatal psychiatrist within 24 h (PSI 2024)
  • Prioritise sleep — partner to take infant overnight if needed; consider PRN if prescribed (Bergink 2012; APA 2024)
  • Check medication adherence — resume immediately if missed; do NOT double dose (APA 2024)
  • Avoid major decisions, new commitments until reviewed (APA 2024)
  • Confirm someone safe is with you AND with infant (PSI 2024)
Call your provider if:
  • Sleep < 4 h × 2 consecutive nights (Bergink 2012)
  • Any warning signs persist > 24 h despite self-management (NICE NG192 2024)
  • Return of any suicidal or intrusive infanticide thoughts (Brockington 2004; APA 2024)
  • Missed > 2 doses of medication (APA 2024)
  • Inability to sleep, eat, or care for self / infant (APA 2024; PSI 2024)
REDMedical alert — active psychosis, infanticide / suicide thoughts, command hallucinations, severe insomnia with confusion (ACOG 757 2018/2024; NICE NG192 2024; APA 2024; Brockington 2004)
If you have:
  • Not sleeping at all for ≥ 2 nights (Bergink 2012)
  • Hearing voices, paranoia, grandiose beliefs not reality-based (DSM-5-TR 2022; APA 2024)
  • Thoughts or urges to harm yourself OR your baby (Brockington Lancet 2004 PMID 14751705; ACOG 757 2018/2024)
  • Command hallucinations directing self-harm or harm to baby (APA 2024; PSI 2024)
  • Severe confusion, fluctuating cognition, autonomic symptoms (NICE NG192 2024)
  • Lithium toxicity signs (severe tremor, ataxia, vomiting, confusion) (APA 2024)
  • High fever + rigid muscles + confusion on antipsychotic — possible NMS (Caroff 2015)
Do this:
  • Call 988 (US) / your local crisis line / 911 NOW (SAMHSA TIP 50 2015)
  • Postpartum Support International HelpLine 1-800-944-4773 (text / call) (PSI 2024)
  • Go to nearest emergency department immediately; do NOT drive yourself if confused (APA 2024)
  • Make sure baby is with another safe caretaker BEFORE you go OR call 911 to coordinate (PSI 2024)
  • Hand any firearms, excess medications, car keys to a trusted person (VA/DoD 2019; APA 2024)
  • Activate your advance directive / crisis plan; bring medication list (NICE NG192 2024)
  • If lithium toxicity suspected — stop lithium, hydrate, go to ED (APA 2024)
Call your provider if:
  • Any red zone trigger — emergency department immediately (ACOG 757 2018/2024; NICE NG192 2024; APA 2024)

4. When to seek emergency care

Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away if you have:

  • Confirmed postpartum psychosis (≤ 12 weeks postpartum with psychotic features, mania-with-psychosis, or rapid mood cycling with psychotic features) — MANDATORY inpatient psychiatric admission regardless of outward stability; 24/7 supervision; explicit SI + infanticide-ideation screening at admission and Q-shift (ACOG 757 2018/2024; NICE NG192 2024; APA 2024)(life-threatening)
  • Thoughts, urges, or command hallucinations to harm infant in postpartum patient (Brockington Lancet 2004 PMID 14751705; ACOG 757 2018/2024; PSI 2024)(life-threatening)
  • C-SSRS Ideation 4 or 5 with plan, intent, or means OR documented suicide attempt within 90 days postpartum (ACOG 757 2018/2024; APA 2024; Posner 2011 PMID 22193671)(life-threatening)
  • Fluctuating cognition, autonomic instability, or new confusion with postpartum psychotic features — mandates full organic workup BEFORE primary psychiatric diagnosis (NICE NG192 2024; ACOG 757 2018/2024; Titulaer Lancet Neurol 2013 PMID 23290630)(life-threatening)
  • Failure of antipsychotic + mood-stabiliser combination at therapeutic levels at 14 days — ECT consideration; reconsider organic differential (APA 2024; NICE NG192 2024; Pagnin 2004 PMID 15087991)
  • Patient with prior postpartum psychosis planning or in subsequent pregnancy — ~50% recurrence risk per Robertson 2005 PMID 15738508 + Bergink 2012 PMID 22407083; preconception planning + prophylactic lithium at delivery (APA 2024; NICE NG192 2024)
  • Mother-Baby Unit (MBU) unavailable in catchment — coordinate with available inpatient psychiatric + obstetric + nursery service; consider transfer to MBU-capable centre when stable (NICE NG192 2024; PSI 2024)

5. Follow-up

Bridge perinatal psychiatry appointment ≤ 1 week post-discharge; OB co-management for postpartum check; pediatric coordination if breastfeeding on psychotropics (infant pediatrician dosed-in on lithium / antipsychotic exposure); Stanley-Brown safety plan with means restriction + family supervision + infant supervision plan; ongoing antipsychotic + mood stabiliser maintenance for ≥ 12 months per APA 2024; preconception counselling for next pregnancy — ~50% recurrence; prophylactic lithium at delivery for known bipolar-spectrum or prior PP (Bergink 2012 PMID 22407083; Robertson 2005 PMID 15738508; ACOG 757 2018/2024)

6. Sources

Guideline: ACOG Committee Opinion 757 (2018, reaffirmed 2024) — Screening for Perinatal Depression + NICE NG192 (2014, last updated 2024) Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health + APA Practice Guideline for Bipolar Disorder 2024 (postpartum-onset specifier) + Postpartum Support International (PSI) Perinatal Mental Health Certification 2024

  1. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22407083
  2. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16724884
  3. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15738508