Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Phase E deep ARDS (2026-05-16): all recommendations re-anchored to trial-verified PMIDs with effect sizes — ARMA 31% vs 39.8% NNT~11 (10793162), PROSEVA HR 0.39 (23688302), DEXA-ARDS 21% vs 36% (32043986), RECOVERY IMV RR 0.64 (32678530), ACURASYS HR 0.68 (20843245), ROSE null (31112383), EOLIA 35% vs 46% (29791822) + Goligher Bayesian posterior 88-99% (30347031), ART harm HR 1.20 (28973363), Amato ΔP RR 1.41/SD (25693014), LUNG SAFE severity mortality (26903337). Primary guideline upgraded to 2024 Global Definition (37487152) + 2024 ATS Management Update (38032683); legacy Berlin retained as severity-band fallback; non-intubated HFNO/NIV ARDS + S/F ≤315 + lung-US encoded in flow. Differential wired as data: cardio.acute-hf.core.v1 (cardiogenic edema — NT-proBNP/echo/PCWP/diuresis pivots), id.sepsis.core.v1 (sepsis+ARDS+AKI multi-organ), pulm.aspiration-pneumonia.core.v1 (aspiration/pancreatitis → ARDS); workups[].branches_to routes to id.sepsis.core.v1 / pulm.cap.core.v1 / pulm.aspiration-pneumonia.core.v1 / cardio.acute-hf.core.v1 (5 cross-dossier engine_id references). Special populations encoded in contraindication_rules + playbooks: pregnancy (pH ≥7.30 limit, left-lateral tilt, specialised proning), obesity (PBW not actual-weight Vt, esophageal-pressure-guided PEEP), COVID-ARDS (RECOVERY O2-gated steroid), immunocompromised (early BAL for DAH/PJP/drug-induced). Pediatric = PALICC-2 pointer only (not authored, per scope). New severity_trigger driving_pressure_over_15 (Amato) added; steroid trigger O2-gated per RECOVERY; dexamethasone renal/GI/glucose gating in contraindication_rules. Schema-gap notes: (a) ARDS-specific calculators (calc.pf_ratio, calc.sf_ratio, calc.driving_pressure, calc.berlin_severity, calc.murray_lung_injury) NOT in clinical-tools-registry — encoded as plain-English assessments/monitoring; cross-shard registry ticket. (b) No calc.berlin_global_definition tool — definition logic lives in flow phase text. (c) SettingTransition objects not authored (forward-looking schema field). (d) No engine-specific test file. (e) RxCUI re-validation queued (npm run research:rxnav:validate) — no rxcui hand-authored this pass. DEPTH-PASS-2 2026-05-18 (shard-07-cardio-chronic terminal CL-4, golden-template mirror cardio.htn.core.v1; acute-critical floors §5.5.2.h): (1) co-located src/lib/dossiers/pulm.ards.core.v1._design-brief.md + ._research-bundle.md authored (18 verified PMIDs — acute floor ≥8 exceeded — each with effect size + 95% CI, retrieval 2026-05-18, PubMed MCP live; Consensus UNAVAILABLE → WebSearch substitute logged; dose/intervention-effect anchors with mortality HR/ARR + time; RxCUI validation log; pre-test priors with cohort sources; T_test≈5%/T_treat≈25% + escalation-ladder T_treat for prone/NMB/ECMO; cross-dossier routing to id.sepsis.core.v1 / pulm.cap.core.v1 / pulm.aspiration-pneumonia.core.v1 / cardio.acute-hf.core.v1); design_brief: repointed to the co-located dossier-layer path. DEPTH-PASS-2 Bayesian seed rebuilt to the htn golden-template Prisma shapes exactly (ENGINE_ID pulm.ards.core.v1): prisma/seed/ros-and-ddx/pulm.ards.core.v1.{differentials,ros,finding-lrs}.ts — 12 differentials with cohort-anchored priors incl. MECE ARDS severity strata (mild P/F 200–300 / moderate 100–200 / severe <100 / non-intubated) + the acute-hypoxemic-bilateral-infiltrates partition (cardiogenic edema / DAH / AEP / AIP / severe-CAP-sepsis / TRALI / massive-PE / acute-HP); 14 ROS items; 27 LR rows (14 LR+ AND 27 LR− — acute floor ≥8 each exceeded) incl. bilateral-opacities-not-fully-explained, nested P/F bands, lung-US B-line pattern, echo/PAWP/NT-proBNP cardiogenic pivot + no-LA-hypertension; 3 conditional-dependency rules (P/F precondition-gated on PEEP≥5/HFNO≥30; nested P/F bands MECE; cardiogenic-pivot mutually-informative — do not multiply). STALE-PMID FIX: the 2024 Global Definition was wrongly cited as PMID 38241520 (an unrelated MXene/microfluidics paper) across all three seed files — corrected to the verified 37487152 (Matthay AJRCCM 2024;209:37-47, DOI 10.1164/rccm.202303-0558WS). DEPTH-PASS-2 2nd phenotypic axis intent: regimen axis 1 ards_lung_protective_ladder is the severity-staged ventilation/escalation ladder (mild HFNO/NIV → invasive low-Vt+ΔP+conservative-fluids → severe P/F<150 prone≥16h+selective-NMB → refractory VV-ECMO) encoding intervention × severity gating as DATA via step applies_when/step_up_when; the phenotype matrix (focal-vs-diffuse · hyper-vs-hypo-inflammatory Calfee · COVID-vs-non-COVID O2-gated steroid · cause-directed sepsis/pneumonia/aspiration/pancreatitis/TRALI · RV-failure-protective) is encoded as data across contraindication_rules + severity_triggers + sibling_differentiation + setting playbooks (ARDS has no classic drug ladder; the phenotype gating lives in those data structures rather than a parallel near-duplicate regimen_axes entry, to avoid a misleading second pharmacologic ladder for a non-pharmacologic-primary disease). DEPTH-PASS-2 content refresh re-verified live (PubMed MCP 2026-05-18) to the 2023 ESICM CPG (37326646) + 2024 Global Definition (37487152) + 2024 ATS Update (38032683): Global definition incl. HFNO ≥30 L/min + SpO2/FiO2 ≤315 + lung-US + resource-variable pathway; low-Vt 6 mL/kg PBW + ΔP ≤15 + Pplat ≤30 (ARMA 10793162 31% vs 39.8%, Amato 25693014 RR 1.41/SD); early prone P/F<150 (PROSEVA 23688302 HR 0.39, 0.25–0.63); selective NMB tempered ROSE-vs-ACURASYS (31112383 null / 20843245 HR 0.68); conservative fluids shock-gated (FACTT 16714767); ECMO refractory EOLIA + Bayesian (29791822 RR 0.76 / 30347031 posterior 88–99%); recruitment-maneuver HARM (ART 28973363 HR 1.20) + 2024 ATS strong-rec-against; HFNO/helmet-NIV (FLORALI 25981908 HR 2.01 / Patel 27179847 intubation 18.2% vs 61.5%); subphenotypes (Calfee 24853585). Existing evidence.pmids[] confirmed correct (no stale/wrong PMID in the dossier .ts — only the seed files needed the 38241520→37487152 fix). status: PRODUCTION kept. DEPTH-PASS-3 2026-05-26 (lane-E): +NMA +USPSTF +Cochrane +ICER stubs +decision thresholds, side-car at pulm.ards.core.v1._depth-pass-3.md.
Entry points (5)
- symptomAcute progressive dyspnea / hypoxemic respiratory failure (2024 Global Definition, Matthay AJRCCM 2024 PMID 37487152)dyspnea
- imagingBilateral pulmonary opacities on CXR/CT/lung-US not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)bilateral_opacities
- lab_abnormalityPaO2/FiO2 ≤300 on PEEP/CPAP ≥5 OR HFNO ≥30 L/min FiO2 ≥0.4 (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)pf_ratio_low
- vital_abnormalitySpO2/FiO2 ≤315 with SpO2 ≤97% on respiratory support — resource-variable criterion (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)hypoxemia
- problem_listKnown ARDS risk factor — sepsis, pneumonia, aspiration, trauma, transfusion-TRALI, pancreatitis (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)sepsis_pneumonia_aspiration
Required inputs (17)
- agerequireddemographic • used at CONTEXTPredicted body weight calc + age-related mortality risk (ARMA Brower NEJM 2000 PMID 10793162)
- heightrequireddemographic • used at TREATMENTPredicted body weight (Devine) for Vt 6 mL/kg setting — PBW not actual weight, esp in obesity (ARMA PMID 10793162; LUNG SAFE PMID 26903337)
- sexrequireddemographic • used at TREATMENTSex-specific PBW formula (ARMA Brower NEJM 2000 PMID 10793162)
- pregnancy_statusdemographic • used at CONTEXTPregnancy alters permissive-hypercapnia limits (keep pH ≥7.30) + proning protocol (ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)
- spo2requiredvital • used at CONTEXTS/F ratio + oxygenation severity — resource-variable Global Definition (Matthay AJRCCM 2024 PMID 37487152)
- fio2requiredvital • used at CONTEXTP/F + S/F denominator (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)
- rrrequiredvital • used at CONTEXTROX index + ventilator dyssynchrony screen (Roca AJRCCM 2019)
- sbprequiredvital • used at CONTEXTHemodynamic management; vasopressor decision; PEEP tolerance (SSC 2021)
- pao2lab • used at DIFFERENTIALP/F ratio for Global/Berlin severity grading (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)
- lactatelab • used at CONTEXTTissue perfusion adequacy; hyperinflammatory subphenotype marker (SSC 2021; Calfee Lancet RM 2014 PMID 24853585)
- nt_probnplab • used at BRANCHING_WORKUPCardiogenic-edema discriminator — markedly elevated favours HF; <1000 pg/mL argues against (2024 Global Definition non-cardiogenic criterion PMID 37487152)
- cxrrequiredimaging • used at INITIAL_WORKUPBilateral opacities — Global/Berlin definition criterion (Matthay AJRCCM 2024 PMID 37487152)
- echoimaging • used at BRANCHING_WORKUPExclude cardiogenic pulmonary edema (LVEF, E/e', LV filling); RV strain monitoring (ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)
- transfusion_historyhistory • used at CONTEXTTRALI screen — transfusion within 6 h (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)
- aspiration_eventhistory • used at CONTEXTAspiration pneumonitis as ARDS trigger — route to pulm.aspiration-pneumonia.core.v1 (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)
- immunocompromisedhistory • used at CONTEXTLower intubation threshold; broaden differential to DAH / PJP / drug-induced; early BAL (ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)
- amiodarone_bleomycin_nitrofurantoinmedication • used at CONTEXTDrug-induced lung injury differential (ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)
12-phase flow (12)
- 1FRAMEConfirm acute (≤1 wk of insult), bilateral opacities (CXR/CT/lung-US) not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload, hypoxemia on respiratory support incl. non-intubated HFNO ≥30 L/min or CPAP/NIV PEEP ≥5 (2024 Global Definition, Matthay AJRCCM 2024 PMID 37487152)inputs: spo2, fio2advance: 2024 Global Definition (or legacy Berlin) criteria met
- 2ENTRYTrigger from hypoxemia, escalating O2 requirement, S/F ≤315, or new bilateral imaging finding (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)inputs: spo2, fio2actions: ardsadvance: Hypoxemia confirmed AND an ARDS risk factor present
- 3CONTEXTCapture risk factor (sepsis, pneumonia, aspiration, trauma, transfusion-TRALI, pancreatitis), drug history, pregnancy, immune status, hemodynamic baseline (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152)inputs: age, height, sex, rr, sbp, lactate, pregnancy_status, immunocompromised, aspiration_event, transfusion_historyadvance: Risk factor identified AND respiratory-support level + special-population flags documented
- 4RED_FLAGSRefractory hypoxemia P/F <80 despite max conventional, tension pneumothorax, severe acute cor pulmonale / RV failure, ECMO threshold (EOLIA Combes NEJM 2018 PMID 29791822)inputs: spo2, fio2advance: No emergent cannulation/decompression needed OR escalated to ECMO/critical care
- 5INITIAL_WORKUPABG, CXR/CT or lung-US, blood/sputum cultures, viral PCR; NT-proBNP + bedside echo to screen cardiogenic edema (2024 Global Definition PMID 37487152; ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)inputs: pao2, cxr, nt_probnpactions: ardsadvance: Imaging + ABG + cultures sent and cardiogenic screen initiated
- 6BRANCHING_WORKUPEcho to exclude cardiogenic; CTPA if PE suspicion; BAL if immunocompromised/unclear etiology (DAH = sequentially bloodier aliquots; AEP = BAL eos ≥25%); route to inciting-cause engine (ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)inputs: echo, nt_probnpactions: ardsadvance: Cardiogenic edema excluded AND ARDS etiology/subphenotype established or routed
- 7DIFFERENTIALSeverity grade — mild P/F 200-300, moderate 100-200, severe ≤100 (mortality ≈35/40/46% LUNG SAFE Bellani JAMA 2016 PMID 26903337); non-intubated ARDS not severity-graded; distinguish cardiogenic edema / DAH / AEP / AIP; flag hyper- vs hypo-inflammatory subphenotype (Calfee Lancet RM 2014 PMID 24853585)inputs: pao2, fio2advance: Severity grade assigned AND mimics excluded
- 8RISK_STRATIFICATIONDriving pressure ΔP (≤15 target — Amato NEJM 2015 PMID 25693014), Pplat ≤30, SOFA for multi-organ; ECMO candidacy via EOLIA criteria (Combes NEJM 2018 PMID 29791822)advance: ΔP/Pplat + ECMO candidacy assessed
- 9TREATMENTLung-protective Vt 6 mL/kg PBW (ARMA NEJM 2000 PMID 10793162; mortality 31% vs 39.8%, NNT ~11), Pplat ≤30, ΔP ≤15, PEEP/FiO2 table (avoid routine recruitment/high-PEEP — ART harm PMID 28973363), conservative fluids (FACTT NEJM 2006 PMID 16714767), prone ≥16 h/d if P/F <150 (PROSEVA NEJM 2013 PMID 23688302; HR 0.39), NMB selective (ROSE NEJM 2019 PMID 31112383 null; ACURASYS PMID 20843245 HR 0.68), dexamethasone early moderate-severe (DEXA-ARDS PMID 32043986; 21% vs 36%) or COVID-ARDS (RECOVERY PMID 32678530), VV-ECMO refractory (EOLIA PMID 29791822; Goligher PMID 30347031)inputs: height, fio2advance: Lung-protective settings achieved with Pplat + ΔP monitoring
- 10DISPOSITIONICU admission for any ARDS; transfer to ECMO center if EOLIA criteria met (Combes NEJM 2018 PMID 29791822); goals-of-care discussion in protracted course (ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)advance: ICU bed secured OR ECMO-center transfer initiated
- 11MONITORINGSerial P/F + S/F, Pplat, ΔP, compliance, lactate, fluid balance, daily SAT/SBT, CAM-ICU/RASS (ARMA PMID 10793162; Amato PMID 25693014; ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)inputs: spo2, fio2advance: Daily targets documented and trend reviewed
- 12FOLLOWUPICU follow-up clinic, post-ICU syndrome screen (cognitive/mood/physical), pulmonary rehab, lung-function recovery 6MWT + DLCO at 3 + 6 mo (ATS 2024 PMID 38032683)advance: Post-ARDS / PICS bundle in place