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endo.t1dm.v1PRODUCTION
endo.t1dm.v1

Type 1 diabetes (chronic outpatient — pediatric + adult)

endocrinologychronicpediatricadult
Hard-required inputs
0 / 12
Care setting:

Encounter flow

12/12 authored

Canonical 12-phase frame with authored status for this dossier.

Current phase

Frame

Detailed

Confirm T1DM — autoantibody / low C-peptide / DKA at onset / classic presentation in young patient; rule out T2 / MODY / steroid-induced (ADA 2026 §2; ISPAD 2022)

Inputs
3
Actions
0
Advance rule
Set
Advance when

T1DM diagnosis confirmed

Patient inputs (20)

Pediatric (ISPAD 2022) vs adult (ADA 2026) framework; technology eligibility (pump, CGM, AID); A1c target individualisation

Insulin TDD weight-based 0.4-0.8 U/kg/day (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022); ICR / CF derivation

BP control reduces CV and renal events (DCCT NEJM 1993; Nathan NEJM 2005); ADA 2026 target <130/80 if higher CV risk

Drives technology workflow; AID is PREFERRED delivery with NO C-peptide/autoAb/duration pre-req (ADA 2026 Rec 7.25a / 7.8a)

Frequency, severity, awareness — drives target relaxation + CGM / AID (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)

Insulin formulations + ratios; β-blocker masking; steroid effect (ADA 2026 §7)

Diagnostic + target tracking + regimen titration (ADA 2026 §2, §7)

Random / fasting / OGTT; severity at presentation (ADA 2026 §2)

Ketone screen at diagnosis and during sick days (ISPAD 2022; NICE 2024 NG18)

DKA screen at presentation (ISPAD 2022)

Baseline renal function (ADA 2026 §11)

Diabetic kidney disease screening — annual ≥5 yr after diagnosis or at puberty in peds (ADA 2026 §11; ISPAD 2022)

Pregnancy mandates strict targets, pump / AID often preferred, retinopathy screen (ADA 2026 §15)

Autoimmune cluster — thyroid, celiac, Addison (ADA 2026 §4; ISPAD 2022)

Depression, eating disorder (diabulimia), DKA risk (ADA 2026 §5)

Low C-peptide differentiates T1 vs T2 (ADA 2026 §2)

GAD65, IA-2, ZnT8, insulin autoantibodies — confirms T1 (ADA 2026 §2; ISPAD 2022)

Annual lipid; statin candidacy in adolescents (ADA 2026 §10; ISPAD 2022)

Autoimmune thyroid disease comorbidity — Hashimoto, Graves (ADA 2026 §4; ISPAD 2022)

Celiac screen — high T1DM comorbidity (ADA 2026 §4; ISPAD 2022)

* = hard-required. Engine cannot meaningfully run until these are filled.

Severity triggers (7)

7 need judgement
  • informationallife_threateningdka_at_presentation_or_sick_day
    Hyperglycaemia + ketones ≥3 mmol/L + acidosis — pH <7.30 / HCO3 <15 (ISPAD 2022)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationallife_threateningsevere_hypoglycemia_neuro
    Severe hypoglycaemia with seizure / loss of consciousness / inability to swallow (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverehypoglycemia_unawareness
    Recurrent hypoglycaemia with loss of warning symptoms (ADA 2026 §7)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverepump_failure_or_occlusion
    Pump alarm, site failure, no insulin delivery suspicion, or rapid hyperglycaemia + ketones in pump user (ISPAD 2022)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalsevereeating_disorder_with_insulin_omission
    Patient deliberately omitting insulin for weight control (diabulimia) — recurrent DKA, weight loss, A1c >9% (ADA 2026 §5)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverepregnancy_suboptimal_control
    Pregnancy or planning, A1c >7% or out-of-range time elevated (ADA 2026 §15)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalmoderatea1c_above_9_sustained
    A1c >9% sustained despite intervention (ADA 2026 §7)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.

Workflow calculators

Run this disease's risk and dosing calculators inline.

MONITORINGrequiredDrives monitoring threshold
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Recommended regimen

T1DM basal-bolus insulin regimen (MDI) — peds + adult
axis: t1dm_basal_bolusstep starting_TDD - Starting total daily dose (TDD) — new diagnosis or switch from pump
Selected step "Starting total daily dose (TDD) — new diagnosis or switch from pump" — New T1DM or switch back to MDI from pump
  • insulin glargine
    first line
    long_acting_basal_insulin
    TDD 0.4-0.8 U/kg/day (peds 0.5-1.0 U/kg/day in honeymoon; up to 1.5 U/kg/day in puberty); 50% as basal once daily • SC • once daily (or BID for U-100 if duration <24 h)
    Long-acting analog basal; onset 1–2 h, no pronounced peak, duration 20–24 h. Intensive glycaemic control ↓ retinopathy 76% (95% CI 62–85), nephropathy 39–54%, neuropathy 60% (DCCT, PMID 8366922); long-term any-CVD ↓30% (7–48) at 30 y (DCCT/EDIC, PMID 26861924). ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022
    rxcui 274783
  • insulin degludec
    first line
    ultra_long_acting_basal_insulin
    50% of TDD as basal once daily • SC • once daily
    triggers: need_for_flexible_dosing_window, reduced_nocturnal_hypoglycemia_target
    Onset 1 h, flat PK, duration >42 h. SWITCH-1: overall symptomatic hypo RR 0.89 (0.85–0.94), nocturnal RR 0.64 (0.56–0.73), severe hypo 10.3% vs 17.1% (RD −6.8%, −10.8 to −2.7) vs glargine U-100 (PMID 28672316); DEVOTE severe-hypo RR 0.60 (PMID 28605603); ADA 2026 §7
    rxcui 1670007
  • insulin lispro
    first line
    rapid_acting_prandial_insulin
    50% of TDD divided across meals; ICR ≈ 500/TDD; CF ≈ 1800/TDD • SC • before meals (or 5-15 min before for ultra-rapid)
    Prandial component; onset 15 min, peak 1–2 h, duration 3–5 h (CF 1800/TDD with rapid analog, 1500/TDD with regular insulin) (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)
    rxcui 86009
  • insulin aspart
    first line
    rapid_acting_prandial_insulin
    Same as lispro • SC • before meals
    Equivalent prandial (ADA 2026 §7)
    rxcui 51428
  • insulin glulisine
    first line
    rapid_acting_prandial_insulin
    Same as lispro • SC • before meals
    Equivalent prandial (ADA 2026 §7)
    rxcui 400008
  • faster aspart (insulin aspart fast)
    first line
    ultra_rapid_acting_prandial_insulin
    Same as standard rapid • SC • 0-2 min before or 20 min after meal start
    triggers: post_meal_dosing_preferred_in_young_children
    Faster onset for tighter post-prandial control; pediatric flexibility (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)
    rxcui 51428

outpatient playbook — drug actions (6)

  1. 1. long-acting basal insulin (glargine / degludec / detemir)
    50% TDD once daily (or BID) • SC • daily
    trigger: New diagnosis or maintenance
    Basal-bolus backbone (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)
  2. 2. rapid-acting insulin (lispro / aspart / glulisine / faster aspart)
    50% TDD divided across meals; ICR 500/TDD; CF 1800/TDD • SC • before meals + corrections
    trigger: Each meal + correction
    Prandial (ADA 2026 §7)
  3. 3. CGM
    Per device; TIR >70%, TBR <70 <4% • SC sensor • continuous
    trigger: All T1DM at onset and thereafter per ADA 2026 Rec 7.15
    Standard of care at onset; HbA1c −0.6% (−0.8 to −0.3) DIAMOND PMID 28118453; −0.43% GOLD PMID 28118454; hypo IRR 0.28 HypoDE PMID 29459019
  4. 4. AID / hybrid closed-loop (PREFERRED delivery)
    Per device + endocrinology • SC pump • continuous
    trigger: All T1DM — AID is PREFERRED delivery (ADA 2026 Rec 7.25a); no C-peptide/autoAb/duration pre-req (Rec 7.8a)
    TIR +11 pp (95% CI 9–14), HbA1c −0.33 pp vs SAP (iDCL Control-IQ PMID 31618560); 780G best in 28-RCT network meta PMID 39298688
  5. 5. ACE inhibitor or ARB
    Lisinopril 5-10 mg or losartan 50 mg • PO • daily
    trigger: UACR ≥30 mg/g or HTN
    Renoprotection (ADA 2026 §11)
  6. 6. statin
    Atorvastatin 10-20 mg (peds 10 mg ≥10 yr per ADA 2026 if LDL ≥100 after lifestyle) • PO • daily
    trigger: CV risk per ADA 2026 §10
    CV reduction (ADA 2026 §10; Nathan NEJM 2005)

Auto-drafted A&P note

outpatient

Subjective

- Possible entry pathways: HbA1c ≥6.5% / random glucose ≥200 with symptoms / 2-h OGTT ≥200 / fasting ≥126 (ADA 2026 §2); Polyuria + polydipsia + weight loss + fatigue ± nocturnal enuresis (ADA 2026 §2; ISPAD 2022); Positive GAD65 / IA-2 / ZnT8 / insulin autoantibody (ADA 2026 §2; ISPAD 2022).

Objective

- No vitals, labs, or imaging entered for this encounter.

Assessment

**Type 1 diabetes (chronic outpatient — pediatric + adult)** (endo.t1dm.v1).
Phenotype framing: Diabetes-classification partition: T1 (autoimmune, ≥1 islet autoAb, low C-peptide|concurrent-glucose) vs LADA (adult slow-onset autoimmune) vs ketosis-prone/DKA-presenting T2 (obese adolescent/young adult) vs MODY (AD family hx, autoAb-negative, C-peptide preserved) vs pancreatogenic-T3c (post-pancreatectomy/CF/chronic pancreatitis) vs neonatal/monogenic (<6 mo). Stage-1/2 presymptomatic T1D (≥2 autoAb, not stage-3) → route OUT to prevention path (teplizumab stage-2; TN-10 HR 0.41 (0.22–0.78), PMID 31180194). See endo.t1dm.v1.{differentials,finding-lrs}.ts (ADA 2026 §2)
Scope: Confirm T1DM — autoantibody / low C-peptide / DKA at onset / classic presentation in young patient; rule out T2 / MODY / steroid-induced (ADA 2026 §2; ISPAD 2022)

No severity triggers fired against current inputs.

Plan

Regimen axis: **T1DM basal-bolus insulin regimen (MDI) — peds + adult** — step "Starting total daily dose (TDD) — new diagnosis or switch from pump".
1. insulin glargine TDD 0.4-0.8 U/kg/day (peds 0.5-1.0 U/kg/day in honeymoon; up to 1.5 U/kg/day in puberty); 50% as basal once daily SC once daily (or BID for U-100 if duration <24 h) (long_acting_basal_insulin, first line) — Long-acting analog basal; onset 1–2 h, no pronounced peak, duration 20–24 h. Intensive glycaemic control ↓ retinopathy 76% (95% CI 62–85), nephropathy 39–54%, neuropathy 60% (DCCT, PMID 8366922); long-term any-CVD ↓30% (7–48) at 30 y (DCCT/EDIC, PMID 26861924). ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022
2. insulin degludec 50% of TDD as basal once daily SC once daily (ultra_long_acting_basal_insulin, first line) — Onset 1 h, flat PK, duration >42 h. SWITCH-1: overall symptomatic hypo RR 0.89 (0.85–0.94), nocturnal RR 0.64 (0.56–0.73), severe hypo 10.3% vs 17.1% (RD −6.8%, −10.8 to −2.7) vs glargine U-100 (PMID 28672316); DEVOTE severe-hypo RR 0.60 (PMID 28605603); ADA 2026 §7
3. insulin lispro 50% of TDD divided across meals; ICR ≈ 500/TDD; CF ≈ 1800/TDD SC before meals (or 5-15 min before for ultra-rapid) (rapid_acting_prandial_insulin, first line) — Prandial component; onset 15 min, peak 1–2 h, duration 3–5 h (CF 1800/TDD with rapid analog, 1500/TDD with regular insulin) (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)
4. insulin aspart Same as lispro SC before meals (rapid_acting_prandial_insulin, first line) — Equivalent prandial (ADA 2026 §7)
5. insulin glulisine Same as lispro SC before meals (rapid_acting_prandial_insulin, first line) — Equivalent prandial (ADA 2026 §7)
6. faster aspart (insulin aspart fast) Same as standard rapid SC 0-2 min before or 20 min after meal start (ultra_rapid_acting_prandial_insulin, first line) — Faster onset for tighter post-prandial control; pediatric flexibility (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)

Setting playbook (outpatient) — Achieve and maintain glycaemic targets with minimal hypoglycaemia, prevent DKA, and screen for / manage complications
7. long-acting basal insulin (glargine / degludec / detemir) 50% TDD once daily (or BID) SC daily — New diagnosis or maintenance (Basal-bolus backbone (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022))
8. rapid-acting insulin (lispro / aspart / glulisine / faster aspart) 50% TDD divided across meals; ICR 500/TDD; CF 1800/TDD SC before meals + corrections — Each meal + correction (Prandial (ADA 2026 §7))
9. CGM Per device; TIR >70%, TBR <70 <4% SC sensor continuous — All T1DM at onset and thereafter per ADA 2026 Rec 7.15 (Standard of care at onset; HbA1c −0.6% (−0.8 to −0.3) DIAMOND PMID 28118453; −0.43% GOLD PMID 28118454; hypo IRR 0.28 HypoDE PMID 29459019)
10. AID / hybrid closed-loop (PREFERRED delivery) Per device + endocrinology SC pump continuous — All T1DM — AID is PREFERRED delivery (ADA 2026 Rec 7.25a); no C-peptide/autoAb/duration pre-req (Rec 7.8a) (TIR +11 pp (95% CI 9–14), HbA1c −0.33 pp vs SAP (iDCL Control-IQ PMID 31618560); 780G best in 28-RCT network meta PMID 39298688)
11. ACE inhibitor or ARB Lisinopril 5-10 mg or losartan 50 mg PO daily — UACR ≥30 mg/g or HTN (Renoprotection (ADA 2026 §11))
12. statin Atorvastatin 10-20 mg (peds 10 mg ≥10 yr per ADA 2026 if LDL ≥100 after lifestyle) PO daily — CV risk per ADA 2026 §10 (CV reduction (ADA 2026 §10; Nathan NEJM 2005))

Non-pharmacologic actions:
- Carb counting education (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Sick day rules education (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- Hypoglycaemia management training rule of 15 glucagon (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Exercise + alcohol counselling (ADA 2026)
- Mental health support / referral (ADA 2026)
- Annual retinal exam (ADA 2026)
- Annual foot exam in adults (ADA 2026)
- Vaccinations flu pneumococcal COVID hep B in adults (ADA 2026)
- Transition planning for adolescents (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)

AVOID / contraindication checks:
- Do not omit basal insulin even when NPO (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Check ketones at glucose >=250 during illness (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- DKA protocol if ketones >=3 or pH <7.30 or HCO3 <15 (ISPAD 2022)
- Hypoglycemia unawareness relax target temporarily (ADA 2026; DCCT 1993)
- Pump failure revert to MDI immediately with basal dose (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- SGLT2i off label in T1D — euglycemic DKA risk; inTandem3 DKA 3.0% vs 0.6% placebo (PMID 28899222); selected patients only, hold on illness/procedure/low carb, mandatory sick day ketone monitoring (ADA 2026 §9)
- Pramlintide requires 30 50% prandial insulin reduction on initiation to avoid severe hypoglycemia (ADA 2026 §9; PMID 22804102)
- Do not delay life saving insulin pending diabetes classification workup (ADA 2026 §2)

Monitoring

Regimen monitoring:
- A1c q3mo or q6mo if stable and at target; individualised <7.0% (ADA 2026 §6)
- CGM TIR 70-180 mg/dL >70% target for most (individualised band; ATTD/Battelino consensus; ADA 2026 Fig 6.1)
- CGM TBR <70 <4% and TBR <54 <1%; TAR >180 <25% (ATTD/Battelino consensus; ADA 2026)
- BP each visit (ADA 2026)
- UACR and creatinine annually after 5 yr diagnosis or at puberty (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- lipid panel annually (ADA 2026)
- TSH q1 to 2 yr (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- tTG IgA at diagnosis then periodically (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- retinal exam annually after baseline (ADA 2026)
- foot exam annually in adults (ADA 2026)
- pump or AID data download each visit (ADA 2026)

Setting (outpatient) monitoring:
- A1c q3 mo or q6 mo if stable + at target (ADA 2026)
- BP each visit (ADA 2026)
- Annual UACR + creatinine after 5 y duration or at puberty in peds (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Annual lipid panel (ADA 2026)
- TSH q1-2 yr (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Periodic tTG-IgA (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Annual retinal exam after baseline (ADA 2026)
- CGM data download each visit (ADA 2026)

Follow-up plan: Continued education, technology upgrades, mental health, reproductive counselling, transition — adolescent to adult care (ADA 2026 §14; ISPAD 2022), vaccinations (ADA 2026 §4)
- Close-out criterion: Long-term plan documented

Monitoring phase: A1c q3 mo or q6 mo if stable (ADA 2026 §6), CGM TIR/TBR/TAR monthly (TIR >70%, TBR <70 <4%; ATTD/Battelino; ADA 2026 Fig 6.1 individualised), BP each visit, UACR + creatinine annually (ADA 2026 §11), lipid annually (ADA 2026 §10), retinal annually (ADA 2026 §12), foot exam annually (adults), TSH q1-2 yr, tTG-IgA periodically (ISPAD 2022); pump / AID download review

Disposition

Current setting: outpatient — Achieve and maintain glycaemic targets with minimal hypoglycaemia, prevent DKA, and screen for / manage complications

Disposition criteria:
- Continue outpatient if controlled / improving (ADA 2026)
- Refer to specialty team for technology, pregnancy, severe hypo, complications (ADA 2026)

Escalation triggers (move to higher acuity):
- DKA → ED + endo on call (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- Severe hypoglycaemia with seizure / loss of consciousness → ED + glucagon + admission consideration (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Pregnancy → preconception / OB-MFM + endo team (ADA 2026)
- Eating disorder + insulin omission → mental health admission + endo (ADA 2026)
- A1c >9% sustained → multidisciplinary diabetes team (ADA 2026; DCCT 1993)

Patient Action Plan

**T1DM action plan — sick day rules + hypoglycaemia management**
Personalised values: weight_kg, TDD_units, ICR, CF, basal_insulin_name_dose, rapid_insulin_name, CGM_or_meter, pump_or_AID_status, glucagon_supply_location.

**Doing well — glucose 70-180 mg/dL, no ketones, feeling well** (green):
Triggers:
- Glucose 70-180 mg/dL (ADA 2026)
- No symptoms of hypo or hyper (ADA 2026)
- Eating + drinking normally (ADA 2026)
- Time-in-range >=70% (Danne 2017; ADA 2026)
Actions:
- Continue routine insulin basal + meal boluses with carb counting (ADA 2026)
- Continue CGM / SMBG schedule (ADA 2026)
- Continue routine carb intake and physical activity (ADA 2026)
- Keep follow-up appointments (ADA 2026)
- Confirm glucagon supply not expired and accessible (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)

**Caution — sick day OR glucose 70 → low / hyperglycaemia / mild ketones** (yellow):
Triggers:
- Illness — fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, viral / bacterial infection (ISPAD 2022)
- Glucose >=250 mg/dL OR <70 mg/dL with symptoms (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Ketones 0.6-1.5 mmol/L (ISPAD 2022)
- Pump site failure / line air bubble suspected (ISPAD 2022)
Actions:
- NEVER stop basal insulin — even when not eating (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Check ketones if glucose >=250 mg/dL OR ill (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- If glucose <70: rule of 15 — 15-20 g fast carbs juice glucose tabs recheck in 15 min repeat if still <70; in peds use 0.3 g/kg max 15 g (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- If glucose >=250 + ketones 0.6-1.5: give correction dose with rapid-acting per CF; encourage water; recheck glucose + ketones in 2 h (ISPAD 2022)
- Hydration: water or sugar-free fluids if hyperglycaemic; sugar-containing fluids if normo / hypo and unable to eat (ISPAD 2022)
- Continue close monitoring q2-4h (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- Contact diabetes team if not improving in 4-6 h (ISPAD 2022)
Contact provider when:
- Ketones rising or persistently >0.6 mmol/L (ISPAD 2022)
- Vomiting persists (ISPAD 2022)
- Pump failure unable to resolve (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- Glucose persistently >300 mg/dL despite correction (ISPAD 2022)
- Recurrent hypoglycaemia (ADA 2026)

**Medical alert — DKA risk OR severe hypoglycaemia** (red):
Triggers:
- Ketones >=3 mmol/L OR pH <7.30 if measured OR HCO3 <15 (ISPAD 2022)
- Vomiting + glucose >=250 + ketones (ISPAD 2022)
- Drowsiness, deep / fast breathing Kussmaul, abdominal pain, fruity breath (ISPAD 2022)
- Severe hypoglycaemia: unable to swallow, seizure, loss of consciousness (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Glucose <54 mg/dL with confusion / agitation (ADA 2026)
Actions:
- For DKA: call 911 / go to ED immediately; continue basal insulin; sip water if able; bring glucose meter + CGM data + insulin list (ISPAD 2022; ADA 2026)
- For severe hypoglycaemia: caregiver gives glucagon — IM 0.5 mg <25 kg / <6 yr or 1 mg >=25 kg OR nasal glucagon 3 mg OR dasiglucagon 0.6 mg autoinjector — call 911 (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- Place patient in recovery position if unconscious; do not give oral food / drink (ADA 2026)
- Recheck glucose in 15 min; repeat glucagon once if no response (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)
- After recovery, give 15-20 g long-acting carbs + protein (ADA 2026)
Contact provider when:
- Any red zone event — ED + diabetes team within 24 h (ADA 2026; ISPAD 2022)

Earlier-Return Triggers

Return-precaution thresholds (watch for):
- [LIFE_THREATENING] Hyperglycaemia + ketones ≥3 mmol/L + acidosis — pH <7.30 / HCO3 <15 (ISPAD 2022)
- [LIFE_THREATENING] Severe hypoglycaemia with seizure / loss of consciousness / inability to swallow (ADA 2026 §7; ISPAD 2022)
- [SEVERE] Recurrent hypoglycaemia with loss of warning symptoms (ADA 2026 §7)

Citations

- ADA Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026 (Diabetes Care 49 Suppl 1; AID-preferred Rec 7.25a, no-prereq Rec 7.8a, CGM-at-onset Rec 7.15) + ISPAD 2022/2024 + ATTD/Battelino time-in-range consensus + DCCT/EDIC long-term outcomes [PMID:8366922](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8366922/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 16371630) [PMID:16371630](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16371630/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 26861924) [PMID:26861924](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26861924/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 31618560) [PMID:31618560](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31618560/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 39298688) [PMID:39298688](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39298688/)

Last reconciled with current guidelines: 2026-05-22.
References
  • ADA Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026 (Diabetes Care 49 Suppl 1; AID-preferred Rec 7.25a, no-prereq Rec 7.8a, CGM-at-onset Rec 7.15) + ISPAD 2022/2024 + ATTD/Battelino time-in-range consensus + DCCT/EDIC long-term outcomes — PMID:8366922
  • Cited evidence (PMID 16371630) — PMID:16371630
  • Cited evidence (PMID 26861924) — PMID:26861924
  • Cited evidence (PMID 31618560) — PMID:31618560
  • Cited evidence (PMID 39298688) — PMID:39298688