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heme.iron-deficiency-anemia.core.v1PRODUCTION
heme.iron-deficiency-anemia.core.v1

Iron-deficiency anaemia (chronic — adult / pediatric / pregnancy)

hematologychronicadultpediatricpregnancygeriatric
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12/12 authored

Canonical 12-phase frame with authored status for this dossier.

Current phase

Frame

Detailed

Frame the case: confirmed/suspected IDA in adult vs pediatric vs pregnancy; chronic outpatient repletion vs symptomatic anaemia vs anaemia secondary to active GI bleeding. IDA is a SYMPTOM — the engine commits up-front to a mandatory source-of-loss search (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146; AGA 2020 PMID 32810434).

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Population + scenario (chronic vs symptomatic vs bleeding) assigned

Patient inputs (13)

Pediatric weight-based dosing vs adult; geriatric occult-malignancy prior; screening age bands (BSG 2021)

Pre- vs post-menopausal women drives whether menstrual loss explains IDA or a GI source must be excluded (AGA 2020 PMID 32810434)

Pregnancy thresholds (Hb <11 g/dL T1/T3, <10.5 T2); IV iron preferred 2nd/3rd trimester when oral fails (RCOG/ACOG)

Dyspepsia/altered bowel habit/weight loss/family CRC history triages the bidirectional-endoscopy decision (AGA 2020 PMID 32810434)

Hb severity + MCV/MCH/RDW pattern (microcytic hypochromic, ↑RDW) anchors the differential

Ferritin <30 ng/mL diagnostic of absolute iron deficiency; <15 LR+ ≈ 50 for IDA (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146)

TSAT <20% + ferritin <100 + CRP discriminates IDA from anaemia of chronic disease when ferritin is an acute-phase confounder (KDIGO 2026)

Reticulocyte-Hb (CHr) <28 pg = real-time functional iron deficiency; tracks response faster than ferritin

Heavy menstrual bleeding is the dominant pre-menopausal cause; quantify before invasive GI workup

NSAID/aspirin/anticoagulant use raises occult GI-loss prior and changes endoscopy yield (AGA 2020)

Coeliac / bariatric surgery / IBD / atrophic gastritis / H. pylori cause malabsorptive IDA and predict oral-iron failure

Inflammation confounds ferritin upward; CRP reframes a "normal" ferritin as functional iron deficiency

CKD reframes targets (TSAT/ferritin, IV-iron + ESA interplay) and routes to neph.ckd.core.v1 (KDIGO 2026)

* = hard-required. Engine cannot meaningfully run until these are filled.

Severity triggers (6)

6 need judgement
  • informationallife_threateningactive_gi_bleed_instability
    Melaena / haematemesis / haematochezia with tachycardia, hypotension, or orthostatic change — acute GI bleeding, not chronic IDA
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseveresymptomatic_severe_anemia
    Hb <7 g/dL, OR Hb <8 g/dL with cardiac disease/angina/syncope/decompensated HF, OR symptomatic anaemia at any Hb (AABB 2023 PMID 37824153)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverepregnancy_severe_anemia_near_term
    Pregnancy with Hb <8-9 g/dL, especially ≥34 weeks / approaching delivery
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalmoderateunexplained_ida_malignancy_risk
    Man or post-menopausal woman with confirmed IDA and no obvious source — colorectal-cancer yield ~5-15% on colonoscopy
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalmoderatepica_restless_legs_profound_depletion
    Pica (ice/clay) and/or restless-leg syndrome with low ferritin — marker of profound iron depletion
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalmildoral_iron_failure
    No Hb rise (<1 g/dL) at 2-4 weeks of correctly dosed alternate-day oral iron
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.

Workflow calculators

Run this disease's risk and dosing calculators inline.

RISK_STRATIFICATIONoptionalDrives monitoring threshold
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Recommended regimen

Iron repletion (oral alternate-day → IV) + cause-directed treatment
axis: ida_repletion
Selected axis "Iron repletion (oral alternate-day → IV) + cause-directed treatment" by default fallback (first axis)
  • ferrous sulfate
    first line
    oral_iron_salt
    325 mg (≈65 mg elemental iron) • PO • once every other day, single morning dose (max: one dose every other day (avoid split/daily dosing))
    First-line oral repletion. Alternate-day SINGLE morning dosing maximises fractional absorption and roughly halves GI adverse effects vs split daily dosing — each dose transiently raises hepcidin and blunts the next-day dose (Stoffel Lancet Haematol 2017 PMID 29032957; Blood 2020 PMID 31413088). Expected Hb ↑ ~1 g/dL by 2 wk, ~2 g/dL by 3-4 wk; continue 3 mo after Hb normal to replete stores (target ferritin >100). BSG 2021 PMID 34497146.
    rxcui 24947
  • ferrous fumarate
    first line
    oral_iron_salt
    210 mg (≈69 mg elemental iron) • PO • once every other day, single morning dose
    Equivalent first-line oral salt; choice driven by formulary/tolerance. Same alternate-day single-dose physiology (Stoffel PMID 29032957).
    rxcui 24941
  • ferrous gluconate
    second line
    oral_iron_salt
    324 mg (≈38 mg elemental iron) • PO • once every other day, single morning dose
    triggers: gi_intolerance_to_sulfate, lower_elemental_dose_preferred
    Lower elemental content per tablet — used when ferrous sulfate is GI-intolerant before escalating to IV; tolerability favoured over potency (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146).
    rxcui 24942
  • ascorbic acid
    add on
    absorption_adjunct
    250-500 mg • PO • with each iron dose
    triggers: suboptimal_oral_response, achlorhydria_or_ppi_use
    Reduces ferric to absorbable ferrous iron; modest absorption gain, of most value with achlorhydria/PPI use. Adjunct only — does not replace correct alternate-day timing.
    rxcui 1151
  • ferric derisomaltose
    second line
    iv_iron
    Total replacement dose (≈20 mg/kg, up to 1000-1500 mg) single infusion • IV • single high-dose infusion, repeat per total-dose calculation
    triggers: oral_iron_failed_or_intolerant, malabsorption, ckd, ibd, pregnancy_2nd_3rd_trimester, post_bariatric, ongoing_loss_outpacing_oral
    High single-dose IV iron with substantially lower hypophosphataemia than FCM (Wolf JAMA 2020: 8% vs 75%, PMID 32016310) and faster haematologic response than iron sucrose with low serious-hypersensitivity rate (FERWON-IDA PMID 31243803). Preferred IV agent when repeat dosing or phosphate-sensitive context.
    rxcui 2274394
  • ferric carboxymaltose
    second line
    iv_iron
    750-1000 mg per infusion (max 1000 mg/wk; repeat ≥7 days later) • IV • one or two infusions per total-dose calculation
    triggers: oral_iron_failed_or_intolerant, malabsorption, ckd, ibd, pregnancy_2nd_3rd_trimester, heart_failure_with_iron_deficiency, post_bariatric
    Effective high-dose IV iron; outcome benefit in HF with iron deficiency even without anaemia (AFFIRM-AHF PMID 33197395). CAUTION: strong hypophosphataemia signal — 75% incidence vs 8% FDI (Wolf JAMA 2020 PMID 32016310); monitor phosphate with repeat dosing or symptoms (fatigue/bone pain).
    rxcui 1433693
  • iron sucrose
    comorbidity specific
    iv_iron
    200 mg per infusion (≈100-200 mg sessions to total dose) • IV • multiple sessions to reach total dose
    triggers: ckd_or_dialysis, pregnancy_when_lower_per_dose_preferred, history_of_iv_iron_reaction
    Well-established in CKD/dialysis (KDIGO 2026) and where a lower per-dose ceiling is preferred (e.g., some pregnancy protocols); requires multiple sessions to reach total dose. Slower repletion than single-dose FDI/FCM (FERWON-IDA PMID 31243803).
    rxcui 24909
  • ferumoxytol
    second line
    iv_iron
    510 mg per infusion x 2 (or 1020 mg single per label) • IV • two doses ≥3 days apart, or single per current label
    triggers: oral_iron_failed_or_intolerant, ckd, rapid_total_dose_delivery_needed
    High-dose IV iron alternative; rapid total-dose delivery. Note prior MRI-artefact and historical hypersensitivity considerations — administer with monitoring; reasonable where FDI/FCM unavailable.
    rxcui 473387
  • packed red blood cell transfusion
    rescue
    blood_product
    triggers: symptomatic_severe_anemia, hb_under_7, hb_under_8_with_cardiac_disease, hemodynamic_instability_from_gi_bleed
    Reserved for symptomatic/unstable anaemia only — restrictive threshold Hb 7 (8 with cardiac disease) per AABB 2023 (PMID 37824153). Transfusion does NOT treat iron deficiency — always pair with iron repletion + source workup.
  • treat underlying source (endoscopic/gynaecologic/dietary/eradication)
    first line
    cause_directed
    IDA is a symptom, not a disease. Definitive management = treat the source: endoscopic therapy of GI lesion, HMB management, gluten-free diet for coeliac, H. pylori eradication, dietary correction. Repletion without source control predicts recurrence (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146; AGA 2020 PMID 32810434).

outpatient playbook — drug actions (4)

  1. 1. ferrous sulfate
    rxcui 24947
    325 mg (≈65 mg elemental) • PO • single morning dose every OTHER day
    trigger: Confirmed IDA, oral route appropriate
    Alternate-day single-dose maximises fractional absorption + halves GI effects (Stoffel Lancet Haematol 2017 PMID 29032957; Blood 2020 PMID 31413088)
  2. 2. ascorbic acid
    rxcui 1151
    250-500 mg • PO • with iron dose
    trigger: PPI use / achlorhydria / suboptimal response
    Modest absorption adjunct; not a substitute for correct timing
  3. 3. ferric derisomaltose
    rxcui 2274394
    Total replacement dose single infusion • IV • single high-dose (repeat per total-dose calc)
    trigger: Oral failed/intolerant, malabsorption, CKD, IBD, 2nd/3rd-trimester pregnancy, post-bariatric, ongoing loss
    Lower hypophosphataemia than FCM (Wolf JAMA 2020 PMID 32016310); faster than iron sucrose (FERWON-IDA PMID 31243803)
  4. 4. treat underlying source
    cause-directed • n/a • definitive
    trigger: Source identified
    IDA is a symptom — source control prevents recurrence (BSG 2021; AGA 2020)

Auto-drafted A&P note

outpatient

Subjective

- Possible entry pathways: Low haemoglobin on CBC (WHO 2024: <13 g/dL men, <12 g/dL non-pregnant women, <11 g/dL pregnancy); Microcytic hypochromic indices (MCV <80 fL, ↑RDW) — iron studies reflex; Ferritin <30 ng/mL — absolute iron deficiency (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146).

Objective

- No vitals, labs, or imaging entered for this encounter.

Assessment

**Iron-deficiency anaemia (chronic — adult / pediatric / pregnancy)** (heme.iron-deficiency-anemia.core.v1).
Phenotype framing: Terminal pattern + cause: absolute IDA from GI occult loss (peptic ulcer, colorectal neoplasm, angiodysplasia, oesophagitis), menstrual/gynaecologic loss, malabsorption (coeliac, bariatric, atrophic gastritis, H. pylori, IBD), dietary insufficiency (infants/vegan), increased demand (pregnancy/growth), intravascular loss (mechanical valve, runner haematuria). Discriminate from anaemia of chronic disease (ferritin normal/high, TSAT low, CRP up, sTfR-F index low), thalassaemia trait (low MCV but NORMAL/low RDW, Mentzer index <13, normal/raised ferritin — do not iron-load), sideroblastic and lead.
Scope: Frame the case: confirmed/suspected IDA in adult vs pediatric vs pregnancy; chronic outpatient repletion vs symptomatic anaemia vs anaemia secondary to active GI bleeding. IDA is a SYMPTOM — the engine commits up-front to a mandatory source-of-loss search (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146; AGA 2020 PMID 32810434).

No severity triggers fired against current inputs.

Plan

Regimen axis: **Iron repletion (oral alternate-day → IV) + cause-directed treatment**.
1. ferrous sulfate 325 mg (≈65 mg elemental iron) PO once every other day, single morning dose (oral_iron_salt, first line) — First-line oral repletion. Alternate-day SINGLE morning dosing maximises fractional absorption and roughly halves GI adverse effects vs split daily dosing — each dose transiently raises hepcidin and blunts the next-day dose (Stoffel Lancet Haematol 2017 PMID 29032957; Blood 2020 PMID 31413088). Expected Hb ↑ ~1 g/dL by 2 wk, ~2 g/dL by 3-4 wk; continue 3 mo after Hb normal to replete stores (target ferritin >100). BSG 2021 PMID 34497146.
2. ferrous fumarate 210 mg (≈69 mg elemental iron) PO once every other day, single morning dose (oral_iron_salt, first line) — Equivalent first-line oral salt; choice driven by formulary/tolerance. Same alternate-day single-dose physiology (Stoffel PMID 29032957).
3. ferrous gluconate 324 mg (≈38 mg elemental iron) PO once every other day, single morning dose (oral_iron_salt, second line) — Lower elemental content per tablet — used when ferrous sulfate is GI-intolerant before escalating to IV; tolerability favoured over potency (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146).
4. ascorbic acid 250-500 mg PO with each iron dose (absorption_adjunct, add on) — Reduces ferric to absorbable ferrous iron; modest absorption gain, of most value with achlorhydria/PPI use. Adjunct only — does not replace correct alternate-day timing.
5. ferric derisomaltose Total replacement dose (≈20 mg/kg, up to 1000-1500 mg) single infusion IV single high-dose infusion, repeat per total-dose calculation (iv_iron, second line) — High single-dose IV iron with substantially lower hypophosphataemia than FCM (Wolf JAMA 2020: 8% vs 75%, PMID 32016310) and faster haematologic response than iron sucrose with low serious-hypersensitivity rate (FERWON-IDA PMID 31243803). Preferred IV agent when repeat dosing or phosphate-sensitive context.
6. ferric carboxymaltose 750-1000 mg per infusion (max 1000 mg/wk; repeat ≥7 days later) IV one or two infusions per total-dose calculation (iv_iron, second line) — Effective high-dose IV iron; outcome benefit in HF with iron deficiency even without anaemia (AFFIRM-AHF PMID 33197395). CAUTION: strong hypophosphataemia signal — 75% incidence vs 8% FDI (Wolf JAMA 2020 PMID 32016310); monitor phosphate with repeat dosing or symptoms (fatigue/bone pain).
7. iron sucrose 200 mg per infusion (≈100-200 mg sessions to total dose) IV multiple sessions to reach total dose (iv_iron, comorbidity specific) — Well-established in CKD/dialysis (KDIGO 2026) and where a lower per-dose ceiling is preferred (e.g., some pregnancy protocols); requires multiple sessions to reach total dose. Slower repletion than single-dose FDI/FCM (FERWON-IDA PMID 31243803).
8. ferumoxytol 510 mg per infusion x 2 (or 1020 mg single per label) IV two doses ≥3 days apart, or single per current label (iv_iron, second line) — High-dose IV iron alternative; rapid total-dose delivery. Note prior MRI-artefact and historical hypersensitivity considerations — administer with monitoring; reasonable where FDI/FCM unavailable.
9. packed red blood cell transfusion (blood_product, rescue) — Reserved for symptomatic/unstable anaemia only — restrictive threshold Hb 7 (8 with cardiac disease) per AABB 2023 (PMID 37824153). Transfusion does NOT treat iron deficiency — always pair with iron repletion + source workup.
10. treat underlying source (endoscopic/gynaecologic/dietary/eradication) (cause_directed, first line) — IDA is a symptom, not a disease. Definitive management = treat the source: endoscopic therapy of GI lesion, HMB management, gluten-free diet for coeliac, H. pylori eradication, dietary correction. Repletion without source control predicts recurrence (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146; AGA 2020 PMID 32810434).

Setting playbook (outpatient) — Confirm IDA, complete the MANDATORY source-of-loss evaluation, replete iron by the most absorbable route, and treat the cause (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146; AGA 2020 PMID 32810434)
11. ferrous sulfate 325 mg (≈65 mg elemental) PO single morning dose every OTHER day — Confirmed IDA, oral route appropriate (Alternate-day single-dose maximises fractional absorption + halves GI effects (Stoffel Lancet Haematol 2017 PMID 29032957; Blood 2020 PMID 31413088))
12. ascorbic acid 250-500 mg PO with iron dose — PPI use / achlorhydria / suboptimal response (Modest absorption adjunct; not a substitute for correct timing)
13. ferric derisomaltose Total replacement dose single infusion IV single high-dose (repeat per total-dose calc) — Oral failed/intolerant, malabsorption, CKD, IBD, 2nd/3rd-trimester pregnancy, post-bariatric, ongoing loss (Lower hypophosphataemia than FCM (Wolf JAMA 2020 PMID 32016310); faster than iron sucrose (FERWON-IDA PMID 31243803))
14. treat underlying source cause-directed n/a definitive — Source identified (IDA is a symptom — source control prevents recurrence (BSG 2021; AGA 2020))

Non-pharmacologic actions:
- Bidirectional endoscopy (OGD + colonoscopy) in men + post-menopausal women — ~5-15% CRC yield (AGA 2020 PMID 32810434)
- Duodenal biopsy at OGD for coeliac if serology positive/equivocal
- H. pylori test-and-treat
- Gynaecology referral for heavy menstrual bleeding
- Dietitian referral for dietary cause; iron-rich diet education

AVOID / contraindication checks:
- Oral_iron avoid in active flare of IBD / known oral iron intolerance — switch to IV (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146)
- Iv_iron observe for hypersensitivity; resuscitation facilities available; avoid in 1st trimester pregnancy unless essential
- Ferric_carboxymaltose monitor serum phosphate on repeat dosing — hypophosphataemia 75% vs 8% FDI (Wolf JAMA 2020 PMID 32016310)
- Iron avoid iron loading when thalassaemia trait without true deficiency (low MCV, normal/raised ferritin, normal RDW)
- Transfusion restrictive threshold Hb 7 (8 with cardiac disease) — AABB 2023 PMID 37824153

Monitoring

Regimen monitoring:
- Hb + reticulocytes at 2-4 wk (expect Hb ↑ ~1 g/dL by 2 wk, ~2 g/dL by 3-4 wk) (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146)
- Ferritin + TSAT after Hb normalises to confirm store repletion (target ferritin >100)
- Continue oral iron 3 months beyond Hb normalisation
- Post-IV-iron Hb + iron indices at 4-8 wk
- Serum phosphate after FCM if symptomatic / repeat dosing (Wolf JAMA 2020 PMID 32016310)
- CKD: TSAT/ferritin trends per KDIGO 2026; eGFR (CKD-EPI 2021) sets threshold

Setting (outpatient) monitoring:
- Hb + reticulocytes at 2-4 wk (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146)
- Ferritin/TSAT after Hb normal; continue oral iron 3 mo beyond
- Annual CBC ± ferritin in ongoing-risk patients

Follow-up plan: Confirm source addressed (endoscopy result actioned, HMB managed, coeliac on gluten-free, H. pylori eradicated). Surveillance for recurrence (annual CBC ± ferritin in ongoing-risk patients), dietary counselling, vitamin-C co-administration tip, return precautions (recurrent fatigue, melaena, fresh PR bleeding). Pregnancy: confirm repletion before delivery and plan postpartum recheck. Pediatrics: re-screen at-risk infants/toddlers per schedule.
- Close-out criterion: Cause addressed + surveillance plan documented

Monitoring phase: Recheck Hb + reticulocytes at 2-4 weeks (expected Hb ↑ ~1 g/dL by 2 wk, ~2 g/dL by 3-4 wk) — a flat response signals non-adherence, continued loss, malabsorption, wrong diagnosis (thalassaemia/ACD), or need for IV iron. After Hb normal, check ferritin/TSAT to confirm store repletion (target ferritin >100); continue oral iron 3 months beyond. Post-IV-iron: reassess Hb + iron indices at 4-8 weeks; check phosphate after FCM if symptomatic/repeat dosing. CKD: TSAT/ferritin trends per KDIGO 2026; eGFR (CKD-EPI 2021) drives the threshold.

Disposition

Current setting: outpatient — Confirm IDA, complete the MANDATORY source-of-loss evaluation, replete iron by the most absorbable route, and treat the cause (BSG 2021 PMID 34497146; AGA 2020 PMID 32810434)

Disposition criteria:
- Continue oral iron + scheduled endoscopy if stable
- Refer to infusion centre for IV iron if oral inappropriate
- Refer to GI / gynaecology / dietitian / comorbidity engine per source

Escalation triggers (move to higher acuity):
- Symptomatic severe anaemia / Hb <7 → ED + restrictive transfusion (AABB 2023 PMID 37824153)
- Melaena / haematochezia / haemodynamic compromise → ED, route to gi.ugib/gi.lgib
- No Hb response at 2-4 wk → reassess adherence, malabsorption, diagnosis; consider IV iron
- Endoscopy reveals malignancy → oncology/surgery referral

Patient Action Plan

**Iron-deficiency Anaemia — Repletion & Return-Precautions Plan**
Personalised values: baseline_hemoglobin, ferritin_target, iron_product_and_schedule, source_workup_status, pregnancy_status.

**On track — repletion working** (green):
Triggers:
- Energy improving, no new bleeding
- Taking iron on alternate days as prescribed
- Follow-up bloods scheduled
Actions:
- Continue iron — single dose every OTHER day in the morning (better absorbed, fewer side-effects) (Stoffel PMID 29032957)
- Take on an empty stomach or with vitamin-C source; avoid tea/coffee/calcium within 1-2 h
- Keep the scheduled endoscopy/clinic appointments — the cause must be found
- Continue iron for 3 months after blood count normalises to refill stores

**Caution — speak to your clinician** (yellow):
Triggers:
- Tiredness not improving after a few weeks
- Significant nausea / constipation / black stools from tablets
- Heavier-than-usual periods
Actions:
- Do not stop iron without advice — discuss switching product or to an IV infusion
- Report side-effects; alternate-day dosing often reduces them
- Book a review of blood count and iron levels
Contact provider when:
- No improvement in energy after 4 weeks
- Cannot tolerate oral iron
- Heavy menstrual bleeding needing assessment

**Medical alert — seek urgent care** (red):
Triggers:
- Vomiting blood or black tarry stools
- Fresh blood from the back passage with dizziness
- Severe breathlessness, chest pain, fainting, or racing heart
- In pregnancy: severe symptoms or near delivery with very low blood count
Actions:
- Go to the emergency department now
- Bring your medication list and recent blood results
- Tell staff you have iron-deficiency anaemia and any known GI source
Contact provider when:
- Any red-zone symptom — attend the emergency department immediately

Earlier-Return Triggers

Return-precaution thresholds (watch for):
- [LIFE_THREATENING] Melaena / haematemesis / haematochezia with tachycardia, hypotension, or orthostatic change — acute GI bleeding, not chronic IDA
- [SEVERE] Hb <7 g/dL, OR Hb <8 g/dL with cardiac disease/angina/syncope/decompensated HF, OR symptomatic anaemia at any Hb (AABB 2023 PMID 37824153)
- [SEVERE] Pregnancy with Hb <8-9 g/dL, especially ≥34 weeks / approaching delivery

Citations

- BSG 2021 IDA in adults (Snook, Gut PMID 34497146) + AGA 2020 GI evaluation of IDA (Ko, Gastroenterology PMID 32810434) + Stoffel alternate-day iron physiology + KDIGO 2026 anaemia-in-CKD + AABB 2023 restrictive transfusion + WHO 2024 anaemia thresholds [PMID:34497146](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34497146/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 32810434) [PMID:32810434](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32810434/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 29032957) [PMID:29032957](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29032957/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 31413088) [PMID:31413088](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31413088/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 32016310) [PMID:32016310](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32016310/)

Last reconciled with current guidelines: 2026-05-16.
References
  • BSG 2021 IDA in adults (Snook, Gut PMID 34497146) + AGA 2020 GI evaluation of IDA (Ko, Gastroenterology PMID 32810434) + Stoffel alternate-day iron physiology + KDIGO 2026 anaemia-in-CKD + AABB 2023 restrictive transfusion + WHO 2024 anaemia thresholds — PMID:34497146
  • Cited evidence (PMID 32810434) — PMID:32810434
  • Cited evidence (PMID 29032957) — PMID:29032957
  • Cited evidence (PMID 31413088) — PMID:31413088
  • Cited evidence (PMID 32016310) — PMID:32016310