Clinical Commander

Back to dossier
id.covid19.core.v1PRODUCTION
id.covid19.core.v1

COVID-19 inpatient management

infectious_diseaseacutechronicadult
Hard-required inputs
0 / 15
Care setting:

Encounter flow

12/12 authored

Canonical 12-phase frame with authored status for this dossier.

Current phase

Frame

Detailed

Adult COVID-19 inpatient management per WHO 2024 ordinal scale; severity-tiered therapeutics from mild through critical

Inputs
0
Actions
0
Advance rule
Set
Advance when

SARS-CoV-2 confirmed and admission criteria met (WHO 2024)

Patient inputs (19)

WHO ordinal scale severity anchor; drives O2 escalation decisions (WHO 2024)

Tachypnea predicts deterioration; WHO ordinal scale component (WHO 2024)

Fever trajectory tracks disease phase and inflammatory burden (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Tachycardia + relative bradycardia pattern; VTE risk signal (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Vaccination status modifies severity prediction and treatment candidacy (WHO 2024; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Days from symptom onset determines remdesivir eligibility (≤7d optimal; ACTT-1 Beigel NEJM 2020) and nirmatrelvir window (≤5d; EPIC-HR Hammond NEJM 2022)

Immunocompromised patients at highest risk; extended antiviral courses considered (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Confirmatory diagnostic; cycle threshold correlates with viral load (WHO 2024)

Inflammatory marker; CRP >75 mg/L predicts ICU need (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Elevated D-dimer >1.0 µg/mL predicts VTE and mortality (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Hyperferritinemia >500 ng/mL signals cytokine storm / MAS phenotype (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Lymphopenia <800/µL predicts severe disease (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

AKI staging (KDIGO 2026) + remdesivir renal dosing consideration (ACTT-1 Beigel NEJM 2020)

Hepatotoxicity monitoring for remdesivir (ACTT-1 Beigel NEJM 2020) + baricitinib (COV-BARRIER Marconi Lancet RM 2021)

Hemodynamic instability signals cytokine storm / septic shock phenotype (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

IL-6 >100 pg/mL supports tocilizumab decision (REMAP-CAP Gordon NEJM 2021; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Myocardial injury screen; elevated troponin in ~20-30% of hospitalised COVID-19 (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Bacterial superinfection screen; low PCT argues against empiric antibiotics (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

LDH elevation correlates with disease severity and lung injury (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

* = hard-required. Engine cannot meaningfully run until these are filled.

Severity triggers (8)

8 need judgement
  • informationallife_threateningcovid_cytokine_storm
    Ferritin >1000 ng/mL + CRP >100 mg/L + rising O2 requirement ± hemodynamic instability (hyperinflammatory phenotype; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationallife_threateningcovid_ards
    PaO2/FiO2 <300 with bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions/atelectasis within 7 days of COVID-19 worsening (Berlin Definition; ARDS Task Force JAMA 2012)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationallife_threateningcovid_mis_a
    Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A): fever + ≥2 organ involvement (cardiac, GI, dermatologic, neurologic) + elevated inflammatory markers 2-12 weeks post SARS-CoV-2 (CDC case definition 2021; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationallife_threateningrapid_desaturation_event
    Life-threatening rapid desaturation event: SpO2 drop ≥4% on minimal exertion (e.g., bed-to-chair, 1-minute walk) OR sustained SpO2 <92% on room air OR baseline despite supplemental O2 (WHO 2024; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024) — distinct from the broader covid_rapid_desaturation trigger by severity-level (life_threatening vs severe)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverecovid_rapid_desaturation
    SpO2 drop to <90% on room air or rapid decline ≥4% within 24h suggesting ARDS progression or PE (WHO 2024; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverecovid_pe_vte
    Acute desaturation with pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, D-dimer >5.0 µg/mL, or CT-PA positive for PE (PE incidence 5-15% in hospitalised COVID-19; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverepe_risk_features_in_covid
    PE risk features in COVID: D-dimer rising / doubling over 24-48 h above already-elevated COVID baseline (typical ≥3-5 µg/mL threshold for CT-PA), hemodynamic instability (tachycardia disproportionate to fever or new hypotension), sudden desaturation disproportionate to parenchymal disease, OR unexplained hypoxia after initial COVID improvement (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024; Klok TR 2020 — PE incidence 5-15% in hospitalised COVID-19)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.
  • informationalseverecovid_secondary_bacterial_pneumonia
    COVID secondary bacterial pneumonia: new fever after initial defervescence (typically after day 5-7) + WBC change (new leukocytosis or left-shift) + procalcitonin rise (PCT >0.5 ng/mL with NPV ~90% for bacterial co-infection when PCT <0.5; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024) + new infiltrate on imaging OR purulent sputum (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024; IDSA HAP/VAP 2016 for ICU/ventilated patients) — initial COVID-19 bacterial co-infection rate ~3-8% in published cohorts (Langford CMI 2020)
    Trigger could not be auto-evaluated — needs clinician judgement.

Workflow calculators

Run this disease's risk and dosing calculators inline.

RISK_STRATIFICATIONrequiredDrives risk stratification
Loading…

Recommended regimen

Severity-tiered COVID-19 therapeutics (WHO 2024; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
axis: covid_severity_tiered_therapeutics
Selected axis "Severity-tiered COVID-19 therapeutics (WHO 2024; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)" by default fallback (first axis)
  • nirmatrelvir-ritonavir
    first line
    protease_inhibitor_combination
    300/100 mg • PO • BID × 5 days
    triggers: mild_disease, symptom_onset_le_5d, high_risk_progression
    NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 preferred for mild-to-moderate with risk factors; 89% relative risk reduction for hospitalisation (EPIC-HR Hammond NEJM 2022)
    rxcui 2587899
  • remdesivir
    first line
    nucleotide_analogue_rdrp_inhibitor
    200 mg IV day 1, then 100 mg IV daily • IV • daily × 5 days (3 days if not requiring O2)
    triggers: moderate_disease_requiring_o2, severe_disease, eGFR_ge_30
    ACTT-1 shortened recovery by 5 days in O2-requiring patients (Beigel NEJM 2020); WHO 2024 conditional recommendation for severe
    rxcui 2284718
  • dexamethasone
    first line
    corticosteroid
    6 mg • IV or PO • daily × 10 days
    triggers: requiring_supplemental_o2, who_ordinal_ge_4
    RECOVERY: 28-day mortality reduced by one-third in ventilated, one-fifth in O2-requiring patients (Horby NEJM 2021); WHO 2024 strong recommendation for O2-requiring
    rxcui 3264
  • tocilizumab
    add on
    il6_receptor_antagonist
    8 mg/kg IV (max 800 mg) • IV • single dose; repeat at 12-24h if no improvement
    triggers: severe_requiring_hfnc_niv_mv, crp_ge_75, on_dexamethasone
    REMAP-CAP: reduced organ support duration + 28-day mortality in severe/critical on corticosteroids (Gordon NEJM 2021); WHO 2024 strong recommendation
    rxcui 612865
  • baricitinib
    add on
    jak1_jak2_inhibitor
    4 mg • PO • daily × 14 days or until discharge
    triggers: severe_requiring_hfnc_niv_mv, tocilizumab_unavailable_or_contraindicated, on_dexamethasone
    COV-BARRIER: 38% relative reduction in 28-day mortality in severe patients on standard care including dexamethasone (Marconi Lancet RM 2021); WHO 2024 strong recommendation
    rxcui 2047232

outpatient playbook — drug actions (4)

  1. 1. nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (first-line outpatient oral antiviral; EPIC-HR Hammond NEJM 2022)
    rxcui 2587899
    300/100 mg PO BID (150/100 mg BID if eGFR 30-60) • PO • BID × 5 days
    trigger: Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 + symptom onset ≤5 days + high-risk-for-progression + no severe CYP3A drug interaction + eGFR ≥30 + not pregnant (shared decision if pregnant per ACOG)
    EPIC-HR Hammond NEJM 2022: 89% relative risk reduction in hospitalisation/death by day 28 in high-risk unvaccinated outpatients; real-world data supports retained (attenuated) benefit in vaccinated high-risk. NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 preferred outpatient regimen.
  2. 2. molnupiravir (alternative oral antiviral if NMV-R contraindicated by drug-drug interaction; PANORAMIC Butler Lancet 2023)
    rxcui 2587901
    800 mg PO BID • PO • BID × 5 days
    trigger: Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 + symptom onset ≤5 days + high-risk + nirmatrelvir-ritonavir contraindicated (severe CYP3A interaction, eGFR <30, pregnancy is CONTRAINDICATION not alternative) + not pregnant + not breastfeeding + not <18 years
    PANORAMIC Butler Lancet 2023: 4.2-day faster symptom recovery in mostly-vaccinated high-risk outpatients but modest absolute hospitalisation benefit; reserve for nirmatrelvir-ritonavir-ineligible adults. NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 alternative.
  3. 3. remdesivir IV 3-day outpatient course (alternative if both oral antivirals contraindicated; PINETREE Gottlieb NEJM 2022)
    rxcui 2284718
    200 mg IV day 1 → 100 mg IV daily × 2 more days • IV • daily × 3 days
    trigger: Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 + symptom onset ≤7 days + high-risk + both oral antivirals contraindicated + outpatient IV infrastructure available + eGFR ≥30 + ALT <10× ULN
    PINETREE Gottlieb NEJM 2022: 87% relative reduction in hospitalisation/death by day 28 with 3-day IV course. NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 alternative when both oral options are unavailable / contraindicated.
  4. 4. symptomatic care (low-risk OR no-antiviral candidate)
    acetaminophen 500-1000 mg q6h PRN; NSAID per cardiac/renal risk; antitussives PRN; hydration; rest • PO • PRN
    trigger: Low-risk-for-progression OR antiviral not appropriate
    NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024: supportive care is standard for low-risk; antivirals are not routine.

Auto-drafted A&P note

outpatient

Subjective

- Possible entry pathways: SARS-CoV-2 PCR or antigen positive (WHO 2024 case definition); Acute respiratory illness with COVID-19 risk factors (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024); New hypoxemia (SpO2 <94%) with confirmed/suspected SARS-CoV-2 (WHO 2024 ordinal scale ≥4).

Objective

- No vitals, labs, or imaging entered for this encounter.

Assessment

**COVID-19 inpatient management** (id.covid19.core.v1).
Phenotype framing: Influenza, RSV, bacterial pneumonia, PJP (immunocompromised), organising pneumonia (post-COVID), PE, decompensated HF with superimposed viral illness (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
Scope: Adult COVID-19 inpatient management per WHO 2024 ordinal scale; severity-tiered therapeutics from mild through critical

No severity triggers fired against current inputs.

Plan

Regimen axis: **Severity-tiered COVID-19 therapeutics (WHO 2024; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)**.
1. nirmatrelvir-ritonavir 300/100 mg PO BID × 5 days (protease_inhibitor_combination, first line) — NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 preferred for mild-to-moderate with risk factors; 89% relative risk reduction for hospitalisation (EPIC-HR Hammond NEJM 2022)
2. remdesivir 200 mg IV day 1, then 100 mg IV daily IV daily × 5 days (3 days if not requiring O2) (nucleotide_analogue_rdrp_inhibitor, first line) — ACTT-1 shortened recovery by 5 days in O2-requiring patients (Beigel NEJM 2020); WHO 2024 conditional recommendation for severe
3. dexamethasone 6 mg IV or PO daily × 10 days (corticosteroid, first line) — RECOVERY: 28-day mortality reduced by one-third in ventilated, one-fifth in O2-requiring patients (Horby NEJM 2021); WHO 2024 strong recommendation for O2-requiring
4. tocilizumab 8 mg/kg IV (max 800 mg) IV single dose; repeat at 12-24h if no improvement (il6_receptor_antagonist, add on) — REMAP-CAP: reduced organ support duration + 28-day mortality in severe/critical on corticosteroids (Gordon NEJM 2021); WHO 2024 strong recommendation
5. baricitinib 4 mg PO daily × 14 days or until discharge (jak1_jak2_inhibitor, add on) — COV-BARRIER: 38% relative reduction in 28-day mortality in severe patients on standard care including dexamethasone (Marconi Lancet RM 2021); WHO 2024 strong recommendation

Setting playbook (outpatient) — Identify high-risk-for-progression outpatients within 5 days of symptom onset for oral antiviral therapy; teach home pulse-oximetry self-monitoring; counsel on nirmatrelvir-ritonavir rebound risk; vaccination reconciliation post-infection; long-COVID screen at 4-6 weeks (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024; WHO 2024 therapeutics living guideline; NICE NG188 long-COVID guidance)
6. nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (first-line outpatient oral antiviral; EPIC-HR Hammond NEJM 2022) 300/100 mg PO BID (150/100 mg BID if eGFR 30-60) PO BID × 5 days — Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 + symptom onset ≤5 days + high-risk-for-progression + no severe CYP3A drug interaction + eGFR ≥30 + not pregnant (shared decision if pregnant per ACOG) (EPIC-HR Hammond NEJM 2022: 89% relative risk reduction in hospitalisation/death by day 28 in high-risk unvaccinated outpatients; real-world data supports retained (attenuated) benefit in vaccinated high-risk. NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 preferred outpatient regimen.)
7. molnupiravir (alternative oral antiviral if NMV-R contraindicated by drug-drug interaction; PANORAMIC Butler Lancet 2023) 800 mg PO BID PO BID × 5 days — Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 + symptom onset ≤5 days + high-risk + nirmatrelvir-ritonavir contraindicated (severe CYP3A interaction, eGFR <30, pregnancy is CONTRAINDICATION not alternative) + not pregnant + not breastfeeding + not <18 years (PANORAMIC Butler Lancet 2023: 4.2-day faster symptom recovery in mostly-vaccinated high-risk outpatients but modest absolute hospitalisation benefit; reserve for nirmatrelvir-ritonavir-ineligible adults. NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 alternative.)
8. remdesivir IV 3-day outpatient course (alternative if both oral antivirals contraindicated; PINETREE Gottlieb NEJM 2022) 200 mg IV day 1 → 100 mg IV daily × 2 more days IV daily × 3 days — Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 + symptom onset ≤7 days + high-risk + both oral antivirals contraindicated + outpatient IV infrastructure available + eGFR ≥30 + ALT <10× ULN (PINETREE Gottlieb NEJM 2022: 87% relative reduction in hospitalisation/death by day 28 with 3-day IV course. NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 alternative when both oral options are unavailable / contraindicated.)
9. symptomatic care (low-risk OR no-antiviral candidate) acetaminophen 500-1000 mg q6h PRN; NSAID per cardiac/renal risk; antitussives PRN; hydration; rest PO PRN — Low-risk-for-progression OR antiviral not appropriate (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024: supportive care is standard for low-risk; antivirals are not routine.)

Non-pharmacologic actions:
- Home pulse-oximetry teaching: measure 3-4×/day after rest + after ambulation; return precautions for SpO2 <94% sustained OR drop ≥4% from baseline on exertion (silent hypoxia screen; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir rebound counseling: ~5-15% of treated patients experience symptom and/or viral rebound 2-8 days after completing the 5-day course (Anderson NEJM 2022; Pandit JAMA 2022); rebound is usually mild and self-limited; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024 does NOT recommend retreatment; advise patient to re-isolate during rebound; rebound is NOT a treatment failure
- Return-precaution criteria: SpO2 <94% sustained, RR >24 sustained, severe dyspnea or chest pain, confusion/lethargy, signs of dehydration with poor PO intake, persistent fever beyond day 5 of antiviral, new pleuritic chest pain or unilateral leg swelling (PE screen) → ED
- Isolation precautions per current CDC / local public-health guidance (typically 5-day isolation from symptom onset + mask for additional 5 days when around others; verify locally)
- Long-COVID screen at 4-6 weeks: PHQ-9 (depression), GAD-7 (anxiety), fatigue scale (Chalder or FACIT-fatigue), dyspnea-on-exertion scale (mMRC), brain-fog screen (cognitive checklist + MoCA if formal screen needed), post-exertional malaise screen (DePaul Symptom Questionnaire short form) — NICE NG188 long-COVID guidance + WHO post-COVID-19 condition 2021
- Vaccination reconciliation post-infection: confirm primary series complete + current updated booster per ACIP / WHO current schedule; defer vaccination 90-180 days after infection per current ACIP / local guidance (typically permitted ≥3 months after infection)

AVOID / contraindication checks:
- Nirmatrelvir ritonavir CYP3A drug interactions check (EPIC HR Hammond NEJM 2022; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- Remdesivir eGFR lt 30 contraindicated (ACTT 1 Beigel NEJM 2020)
- Remdesivir ALT gt 10x ULN hold (ACTT 1 Beigel NEJM 2020)
- Dexamethasone not in non O2 requiring patients may harm (RECOVERY Horby NEJM 2021)
- Tocilizumab active bacterial infection contraindicated (REMAP CAP Gordon NEJM 2021)
- Baricitinib VTE risk monitor (COV BARRIER Marconi Lancet RM 2021)
- Baricitinib eGFR lt 15 avoid (COV BARRIER Marconi Lancet RM 2021)

Monitoring

Regimen monitoring:
- SpO2 continuous if on O2 (WHO 2024)
- CRP ferritin D-dimer q24-48h for trajectory (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- LFTs q48-72h if on remdesivir (ACTT-1 Beigel NEJM 2020)
- ALC trend for recovery signal (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- glucose monitoring on dexamethasone (RECOVERY Horby NEJM 2021)

Setting (outpatient) monitoring:
- Home pulse-oximetry trend × 7-10 days for high-risk-for-progression patients (3-4×/day at rest + after ambulation; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- Symptom trajectory + return-precaution review at day 3-5 telehealth check (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- Antiviral completion confirmation if 5-day course prescribed
- Drug-interaction follow-through if held partner medication during nirmatrelvir-ritonavir course (restart per pre-treatment schedule on day 6)
- 4-6 week post-acute follow-up for long-COVID screen (NICE NG188; WHO post-COVID-19 condition 2021)

Follow-up plan: Post-COVID sequelae screening at 4-12 weeks (long COVID / PASC); pulmonary function testing if persistent dyspnea; cardiac MRI if myocarditis; VTE extended prophylaxis consideration; vaccination counselling (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024; WHO 2024)
- Close-out criterion: post-discharge plan documented with follow-up at 4-12 weeks (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Monitoring phase: SpO2 continuous, inflammatory markers q24-48h (CRP, ferritin, D-dimer), LFTs if on remdesivir/baricitinib, daily CXR if ICU, awake proning compliance, VTE prophylaxis verification (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Disposition

Current setting: outpatient — Identify high-risk-for-progression outpatients within 5 days of symptom onset for oral antiviral therapy; teach home pulse-oximetry self-monitoring; counsel on nirmatrelvir-ritonavir rebound risk; vaccination reconciliation post-infection; long-COVID screen at 4-6 weeks (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024; WHO 2024 therapeutics living guideline; NICE NG188 long-COVID guidance)

Disposition criteria:
- Recovery: symptoms resolved + return to baseline functional status + completed antiviral course (if prescribed) + long-COVID screen negative at 4-6 weeks → discharge from COVID-specific surveillance back to standard primary care (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024; NICE NG188)
- Persistent long-COVID phenotype: refer to PASC/long-COVID specialist clinic for multi-disciplinary management (cardiology, pulmonology, neurology, mental health, rehabilitation as needed) per NICE NG188 + WHO post-COVID-19 condition 2021

Escalation triggers (move to higher acuity):
- SpO2 <94% sustained on room air OR ≥4% drop on ambulation → ED + supplemental O2 + WHO ordinal scale + admission consideration (NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- Severe dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, unilateral leg swelling → ED for PE screen (CT-PA + D-dimer adjusted for COVID baseline elevation)
- New chest pain + troponin elevation suspicion → ED for ACS / myocarditis differentiation (cardio.myocarditis / cardio sibling)
- Worsening symptoms after initial improvement on antiviral (biphasic course) → ED for cytokine-storm / superinfection workup
- Persistent / worsening fever beyond day 5-7 → consider bacterial superinfection → ED for evaluation + procalcitonin / CXR
- PHQ-9 ≥15 OR suicidal ideation at long-COVID screen → mental health urgent referral (routes to psych.depression.core.v1 / psych.suicidality.ed.core.v1)

Earlier-Return Triggers

Return-precaution thresholds (watch for):
- [LIFE_THREATENING] Ferritin >1000 ng/mL + CRP >100 mg/L + rising O2 requirement ± hemodynamic instability (hyperinflammatory phenotype; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)
- [LIFE_THREATENING] PaO2/FiO2 <300 with bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions/atelectasis within 7 days of COVID-19 worsening (Berlin Definition; ARDS Task Force JAMA 2012)
- [LIFE_THREATENING] Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A): fever + ≥2 organ involvement (cardiac, GI, dermatologic, neurologic) + elevated inflammatory markers 2-12 weeks post SARS-CoV-2 (CDC case definition 2021; NIH COVID Treatment Guidelines 2024)

Citations

- WHO 2024 therapeutics living guideline + NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines 2024 + RECOVERY (Horby NEJM 2021 — dexamethasone) + REMAP-CAP (Gordon NEJM 2021 — tocilizumab) + COV-BARRIER (Marconi Lancet RM 2021 — baricitinib) + ACTT-1 (Beigel NEJM 2020 — remdesivir) + EPIC-HR (Hammond NEJM 2022 — nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) + PROSEVA (Guérin NEJM 2013 — prone positioning) + ARDSnet (Brower NEJM 2000 — lung-protective ventilation) + REMAP-CAP/ACTIV-4a/ATTACC (NEJM 2021 — anticoagulation) [PMID:32678530](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678530/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 33356051) [PMID:33356051](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33356051/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 33631065) [PMID:33631065](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33631065/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 34480861) [PMID:34480861](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480861/)
- Cited evidence (PMID 32445440) [PMID:32445440](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32445440/)

Last reconciled with current guidelines: 2026-05-22.
References
  • WHO 2024 therapeutics living guideline + NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines 2024 + RECOVERY (Horby NEJM 2021 — dexamethasone) + REMAP-CAP (Gordon NEJM 2021 — tocilizumab) + COV-BARRIER (Marconi Lancet RM 2021 — baricitinib) + ACTT-1 (Beigel NEJM 2020 — remdesivir) + EPIC-HR (Hammond NEJM 2022 — nirmatrelvir-ritonavir) + PROSEVA (Guérin NEJM 2013 — prone positioning) + ARDSnet (Brower NEJM 2000 — lung-protective ventilation) + REMAP-CAP/ACTIV-4a/ATTACC (NEJM 2021 — anticoagulation) — PMID:32678530
  • Cited evidence (PMID 33356051) — PMID:33356051
  • Cited evidence (PMID 33631065) — PMID:33631065
  • Cited evidence (PMID 34480861) — PMID:34480861
  • Cited evidence (PMID 32445440) — PMID:32445440